• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1562-1570
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to develop fertilizer which promotes plant growth as well as suppressing pathogenic fungi. The fertilizer was made from the mixture of Ju-Back (Korean rice wine cake) and indigenous rhizosphere-bacterium. The main ingredients of Ju-Back were investigated as 6.04% total nitrogen, 42.59% total carbohydrate, 1.01% available phosphate, 73.42% organic matter, 7.72% potassium oxide, 1.35% calcium oxide, 0.53% magnesium oxide. The enzyme activities of Ju-Back were estimated to be 980 units/g for ${\alpha}-amylase$, 300 units/g for glucoamylase, and 1800 units/g for acid pretense. Indigenous rhizosphere bacteria which produced antifungal agent were isolated from soil, and was selected KMU-13 strain which can antagonize against various plant pathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea KACC 40573, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum KACC 41065, Fusairum oxysporum KACC 40052, Pythium aphanidermatum KACC 40156, Phytophthora capsici KACC 40476 and Glomerella cingulata KACC 40299). KMU-13 strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis KMU-13 by biochemical and 16s rDNA analysis. The organic fertilizer was made as prototype which was composed 20% Ju-Back, 70% carrier, 9.7% microorganism cultivated solution, 0.3% trace-element. We also investigated an application of fertilizer using Ju-Back for cultivating lettuce (Lactuca sativar) which were grown in three soil conditions that had chemical fertilizer, barnyard manure, lime power, urea, potassium chloride and superphosphate as a control, the whole quantity (80 kg/10a) of posted fertilizer with the control and the half quantity (40 kg/10a) with the control. The growth characteristics were examined and analysed with several weeks interval from 3 weeks to 8 weeks on head length (cm), head width (cm/head), number of leaf and fresh weight (g/plant). The results are summarized as follows. The head width and fresh weight of lettuce were the highest at posted fertilizer 1 (whole quantity) was applied chemical, organic matter (Ju-Back) and carrier. The head length was the highest at posted fertilizer 2 (whole quantity) was applied Ju-Back only.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.111-119
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• 2018

This study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics and propagation methods of the Korean native Amelanchier asiatica, A. arborea, and A. alnifolia as fruit trees for gardens. Due to the lack of recent research on Amelanchier spp., their superficial classification is still unclear and the names are being used interchangeably. The results are obtained as follows : A. arborea and A. alnifolia were globular type multi-stemmed shrubs. A 20-year-old tree of A. asiatica was 7.8m in height, with a 5.2m crown width, with one trunk. As for the morphological characteristics, leaves of A. asiatica were oblong, with an acuminate of, 6.1cm and 3.6cm width, but A. arborea and A. alnifolia had acute obovate leaves. The leaf size of A. alnifolia was the largest among the three species. The flower size of A. asiatica was bigger than that of A. arborea and A. alnifolia. In addition, its petals and flower clusters were also the largest among the three species. The flowering of A. asiatica initiated on April 21 and then bloomed for a duration of 24 days in Osan, while that of A. arborea and A. alnifolia initiated flowering on April 12 and then bloomed for a duration of 22 days in the same location. The fruit of A. arborea and A. alnifolia were green on May 10~12, it changed into purplish red on May 24~26, and its matured on June 1~3. The duration of fruit persistence of A. arborea and A. alnifolia were 48~50 days. On the other hand, A. asiatica showed greenish fruit on May 20, it became red on September 4, and had fallen by October 3. The fruit size was the largest at 1.03cm of height and 1.12cm of diameter in the A. arborea, followed by the big berry of A. alnifolia and the smallest fruit in the native, A. asiatica. It was difficult to root due to the hardwood cutting of A. arborea at a 40% rate of rooting. In the softwood cutting, the rooting rate of A. arborea was increased by the treatment with concentrated IBA, especially at 5,000 and 7,000ppm. The optimum date for cutting was on June 27, when the rooting rate was more than 80%. The most effective method for rooting of A. arborea was rootone or 7,000 ppm IBA treatment on June 27 softwood cuttings, which showed a rooting rate of over 80%.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.316-328
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• 2021

In this study, the leaf Na content prediction model for spring potato was established using 400-1000 nm hyperspectral sensor to develop the multispectral sensor for the salinity monitoring in reclaimed land. The irrigation conditions were standard, drought, and salinity (2, 4, 8 dS/m), and the irrigation amount was calculated based on the amount of evaporation. The leaves' Na contents were measured 1st and 2nd weeks after starting irrigation in the vegetative, tuber formative, and tuber growing periods, respectively. The reflectance of the leaves was converted from 5 nm to 10 nm, 25 nm, and 50 nm of FWHM (full width at half maximum) based on the 10 nm wavelength intervals. Using the variance importance in projections of partial least square regression(PLSR-VIP), ten band ratios were selected as the variables to predict salinity damage levels with Na content of spring potato leaves. The MLR(Multiple linear regression) models were estimated by removing the band ratios one by one in the order of the lowest weight among the ten band ratios. The performance of models was compared by not only R2, MAPE but also the number of band ratios, optimal FWHM to develop the compact multispectral sensor. It was an advantage to use 25 nm of FWHM to predict the amount of Na in leaves for spring potatoes during the 1st and 2nd weeks vegetative and tuber formative periods and 2 weeks tuber growing periods. The selected bandpass filters were 15 bands and mainly in red and red-edge regions such as 430/440, 490/500, 500/510, 550/560, 570/580, 590/600, 640/650, 650/660, 670/680, 680/690, 690/700, 700/710, 710/720, 720/730, 730/740 nm.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.163-169
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• 2022

This study was conducted to examine an alternative cultivating method that uses coir substrates in a hydroponically cultured system. Three treatment conditions were applied with one-layer substrate (10 cm height) with a coir chip and dust ratio of 5:5 (Treatment A), two-layer coir substrate (20 cm height) with a coir chip and dust ratio of 5:5 (Treatment B), one-layer coir substrate (15 cm height) with a coir chip and dust ratio of 7:3 (Treatment C). The control condition was a plastic container filled with a coir chip and dust ratio of 5:5. Various criteria were measured and compared between the treatments and the control. The yield of strawberry was smaller in the control than in the treatments. No significant difference in growth characteristic was found in the height treatments of the coir substrates. The net photosynthetic rate of the treatments was 14.68-15.76 µmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1. This does not show a statistically significant difference. The root activity was better in treatment B and C than in treatment A and the control. The length and width of leaves were measured as 4.04-4.13 cm and 3.26-3.34 cm. These results are not statistically significant. The leaf length and width ratio was 1.27 in the control and 1.24 in the treatments. The findings show that no statistically significant benefit was found when utilizing coir substrates with different height treatments in the hydroponic culture system. However, the harvested fruit per plant weights 72.38 g in treatment A and 48.69 g in treatment C. The number of harvested fruit was least in treatment C in which a coir chip and dust ratio of 7:3 was applied. Therefore, further research is needed to examine how the chip and dust ratio in coir substrate affects growth characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: Chinese cabbage biosynthesizes various phytochemicals including carotenoids and glucosinolates. Environmental stress has a major effect on the growth and yields of vegetables, and can significantly affect nutritionally important phytochemicals. Phytochemicals of plants are influenced by light, temperature, carbon dioxide, and growing conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various light sources on carotenoid and glucosinolate contents in Chinese cabbage. METHODS AND RESULTS: [Experiment I] Set the control (field control, FC) on the ground. Using acrylic sunlight, experiments were set up transparency box (field transparency, FT), red box (field red, FR) and blue box (field blue, FB). [Experiment II] Set the control (chamber control, CC) in the greenhouse. Using plant growth chamber with artificial light, experiments were set up LED red (chamber red, CR), LED blue (chamber blue, CB), LED mixed red+blue (chamber red+blue, CRB) and fluorescent (chamber fluorescent, CF). After plant growth, Chinese cabbage was harvested at 110 days after sowing (DAS). The status of plants growth (leaf length, width, fresh weight etc.) was immediately investigated. Carotenoid and GSL contents were analyzed by HPLC. [Experiment I] Results documented that the ranges of total carotenoid contents were 25.39 ~ 58.80 mg/kg dry wt for lutein, 0.84~ 4.22 mg/kg dry wt for zeaxanthin, and 3.85~18.71 mg/kg dry wt for ${\beta}$-carotene. Lutein was the highest for the content and the largest for the variation as well. [Experiment II] Results documented that the ranges of total carotenoid contents were 24.66~137.96 for lutein, 2.51~20.65 for zeaxanthin, and 8.40~49.80 mg/kg dry wt for ${\beta}$-carotene. The total carotenoid contents of CR (156.62) and CB (115.90) were 1.6~2.3 times larger than the other treatments, and ${\beta}$-carotene content was about twice as high as that of the other treatments on the CR (38.74 mg/kg dry wt.). [Experiment I] Total GSL content was the highest in FT (19.76) that was higher 1.7 times than the lowest treatment ($11.39{\mu}mol/g\;dry\;wt$.). [Experiment II] The total content of GSL was highest in CRB (4.19) and lowest in CF ($2.88{\mu}mol/g\;dry\;wt$.). In the CRB, total GSL contents ($4.19{\mu}mol/g\;dry\;wt$.) was the highest. CONCLUSION: Total and individual carotenoid and GSL contents in Chinese cabbage show significant differences under different light sources. Red and blue lights contribute to significant carotenoids expression and antioxidant activity for nutrition and health benefits. These results concluded that the introduction of varying lights affected the synthesis of important nutrient compounds in Chinese cabbage. It is predicted that the application of good light source enhances the accumulation of functional compounds.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.226-234
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• 1984

In order ti find out the optimum seeding time(OST) and optimum seed rate(OSR) of Italian ryegrass on seed production, this studies with tetraploid cv. Tetrone were carried out on the experimental field of Livestock Experiment Station. Treatments included seed rates of 1, 2, 3 and 4 kg per 10a and combined with seeding time on 20, 30 Aug, 9, 19 and 29, September 1983. Seeds were sown in rows 50 cm apart and were spaced in a continuous line with width of 15 cm within the rows. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Autumn tillers could be classified into three groups from winter-killing point of view, namely winter-killing completely, damaged growing point only and living tillers. 2. The young inflorescence-bearing stem in Italian ryegrass which were sown earlier than 9. September were more susceptible to winter killing. Tiller buds in those stems which originated from an axillary buds at the stem base within senescent leaf-sheaths emerged lately in spring, and consequently heading was delayed, culm length shortened and seed yield reduced. 3. Tiller buds which originated from damaged growing point only and living tillers in moderate shoots emerged early in spring and those tillers became mainly spike-bearing culm. 4. The emergence-time of tillers influenced on culm-, spike- length and ripenness more than seeding time and seed rate. 5. Seed yield was mostly affected by the number of spikes per unit area. 6. For the safety of over-wintering and enough spikes on seed production, OST and OSR at Suweon were the last part of September and 2-3 kg per 10a, respectively. Especially OSR was 2 kg per 10a for early and 3 kg per 10a for late OST.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.151-158
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• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the feed value and growth characteristics of Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai by horse grazing in the woodland of Jeju. Crude protein (CP), NDF, ADF and minerals contents at different growth stages of Sasa quelpaertensis were analyzed. The apparent digestibilities of DM, CP, NDF and ADF were determined by total collection method using 5 Jeju horses. The yield and growth characteristics of S. quelpaertensis Nakai by horse grazing were investigated. CP contents in the currentand the previous-year-sprouted leaves of S. quelpaertenisis were $16.6{\pm}1.0%$ and $12.2{\pm}1.1%$, respectively. The digestibility of DM, CP, NDF and ADF in the current-year-sprouted leaves of S. quelpaertenisis were $47.2{\pm}1.2$, $67.8{\pm}1.0$, $47.0{\pm}1.3$ and $47.1{\pm}1.1%$, respectively. The current-year-sprouted S. quelpaertenisis tended to have high nutritional values and digestibilities compared to those of the previous-year-sprouted. The dry matter yield, plant length, leaf width and density of S. quelpaertensis Nakai were clearly decreased by horse grazing. These results show that considering the feed value and growth characteristics, the natural S. quelpaertenisis Nakai can be used as a feed source for horses.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.70-73
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• 1993

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of planting density on thegrowth and yield of Rehmannia glutinosa. A local variety was planted on the 100cm row, with different planting density of 20, 30 and 40 plants per $m^2$. Nitrogen, phosporus and potassium fertilizers were applied as 12, 12, and 16 kg /10a, respectively with compost of 1,000kg /10a. Plant height became shorter with increase in the planting density from 20 to 40 $plants\;/\;m^2$. But emergence date, leaf length and width were not significantly changed with planting density. As the planting density was increased, tuber diameter got slender and tuber number was decreased, but tuber length was not affected. The tuber yield was 793kg /10a at the planting density of 20 $plants\;/\;m^2$ and it increased 40% at 30 $plants\;/\;m^2$ and 45% at 40 $plants\;/\;m^2$ Regarding on the farmer's income, optimum planting density was estimated 30 $plants\;/\;m^2$.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.407-414
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• 2010

Bacillus subtilis strains isolated from different regions of Korea were screened for their plant growth promotion and induced systemic resistance (ISR) in tomato and red-pepper. The plant growth promotion on red-pepper and tomato revealed maximum plant height (22.73 cm) on red pepper treated with B. subtilis strain JE 21-1 and 30.18cm in case of tomato treated with B. subtilis strain JE 8-1. There was also significant improvement in root and shoot dry weight in both the plants. The strain JE 21-1 showed better promise for all growth parameters in red-pepper and tomato when compared to other strains and positive check BTH. Different strains screened in square plate method also revealed maximum plant height and leaf width, and suppressed anthracnose on red pepper in case of strain JE 21-1 at $10^6$ and $10^7$ cells/ml when compared to other strains. In all the bacterial inoculations the population was significantly high when compared to untreated check. In plant growth promotion with respect to fruit length and weight, fruit length was maximal in treating with JE 9-4 and ES 2-2, while fruit weight was maximal in treating with JE 3-6, ES4-2, ES2-2 and JE 21-2 on red pepper. In case of tomato, comparatively better fruit weight was in JE 21-1, ES 3-3 and JE 10-2 when compared to BTH and untreated control. The soft rot disease caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum SCCI was completely suppressed in case of transgenic tobacco harboring GUS gene related to PR1a and increased the level of salicylic acid significantly in combined application of JE 9-4 on par with BTH. Thus, this study clarified some potential Bacillus subtilis strains for plant growth promotion and ISR in red-pepper and tomato.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 2003

This study was conducted to select the promising varieties of alfalfa (va.) Venal, Ancho., P5444, DK120, DK125, Horizon, DK135, Luna and Kitawacaba at Daekwanryong branch(altitude 800m a.s.l.) and Namwon branch(altitude 450m a.5.1.) of National Livestock Research Institute Leaf width of alfalfa was broad in all varieties except fer Vernal, and DK125 was flowered the earliest of all varieties. Plant height of Luna was the longest, and winter hardness of P5444 was the greatest with 80.2% of all varieties. In Daekwanryong, dry matter(DM) yield of Luna was the highest and DM yield of vernal was the lowest among the varieties in Namwon. In both areas, dry matter yield ef P5444 was the highest of alfalfa varieties. In Daekwanryong, ADF and NDF concentrations of DK 120 were the lowest of all alfalfa varieties. In Namwon, ADF concentrations of Horizon was the lowest with 26％, and NDF concentrations of DK 125 and Horizon was the lowest with 40.8%. Crude protein concentrations of P5444, Luna and DK 120 were higher than that of different varieties in Daekwanryong and crude protein content of Horizon was the highest with 28.1% in Namwon. Average crude protein yield of both areas was the highest of P5444. The results of this study indicated that Luna, Horizon and P5444 would be the promising alfalfa varieties in Daekwanryong, Namwon and both areas, respectively.