• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.50-58
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• 1992

Studies were conducted to determine the combined effect of uniconazole [(E) -1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4, 4-demethyl 2-(1,2,4 triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol] and silver thiosulfate $[Ag {(S_2O_3)}^3\;_2-]$ (STS) on reduction of ozone injury in tomato plants(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 'Pink Glory'). Plants were given a 50ml soil drench of uniconazole at concentrations of 0, 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 mg/pot at the stage of emerging 4th leaf. Two days prior to ozone fumigation, STS solution contained 0.05% Tween-20 was also sprayed at concentrations of 0, 0.3 and 0.6 mM. Uniconazole at 0.01 mg/pot and STS at 0.6 mM were effective in providing protection against ozone exposure(20h at 0.2ppm) without severe retardation of plant height and chemical phytotoxicity, respectively. Combined treatment with uniconazole, STS significantly reduced ozone injury at the lower concentration than a single treatment with uniconazole or STS. Uniconazole treatment reduced plant height, stem elongation and transpiration rate on a whole plant level and increased chlorophyll concentration. STS did not give any effect on plant growth and chlorophyll content but increased transpiration rate in non-ozone-fumigated plants. Ethylene production in the leaves of ozone-fumigated plants was decreased by uniconazole and STS pretreatment, but there was no protective effect on epinasty of leaves in uniconazole-treated plants. STS increased ethylene production in non-ozone-fumigated plants, but it significantly reduced the degree of epinasty and defoliation of cotyledons when plants were exposed to ozone. Uniconazole slightly increased superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities. But STS showed little or no effects on such free radical scavengers. Day of flowering after seeding was shortened and percentages of fruit set were increased by uniconazole treatment. STS was highly effective on protecting reduction of fruit set resulting from ozone fumigation. These results suggest that combined use of uniconazole and STS should provide miximum protection against ozone injury without growth retardation resulting in yield loss.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.235-244
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• 2004

In this study, we compared the levels of methylotrophic bacterial community diversity in the leaf samples of 19 rice cultivars collected from three regions of Korea. Nineteen pink pigmented isolates showing characteristic growth on methanol were obtained. Physiological and biochemical characters of each isolate were examined according to methods described in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. When phylotypes were defined by performing numerical analysis of 37 characteristics, four distinct clusters were formed. The two reference strains, Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 and Methylobacterium fujisawaense KACC10744 were found to group under cluster IV and cluster III respectively. Cluster I diverged on the basis of nitrate reduction and four isolates showed tolerance upto 0.5 M NaCl concentrations. Two strains in cluster I and III were found to possess methane utilizing properties. Most of the isolates in all the four clusters utilized monosaccharides, disaccharide and polyols as carbon source. When the isolates were subjected for indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) analysis in the presence of L-tryptophan, only 8 isolates exhibited IAA production. In addition, the nitrogen source in the medium was found to influence the IAA production. Addition of $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ in the medium led to a 2 to 30 fold increase in the indole synthesis. However, $KNO_3$, $NH_4NO_3$ and $NH_4Cl$ substitution did not significantly stimulate the synthesis of IAA in the growth medium. Result of gnotobiotic root elongation assay significantly increased roots and shoots lengths, and number of lateral roots, which is mediated by IAA production in the culture medium. The rice seedlings primary roots from seeds treated with methylotrophic isolates were on average 27 to 56% longer than the roots from seeds treated with the uninoculated seeds. In addition, application of different high concentrations of authentic IAA ($400g\;mL^{-1}$) to roots of rice seedlings inhibited root growth. However, the IAA concentration from 10 to $200g\;mL^{-1}$, IAA promoted root growth of rice seedlings. These results suggest that bacterial IAA plays a major role in the development of the host plant root system.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.87-95
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• 2017

The increase in the frequency of occurrence of abnormal weather could include severe rainfall, which could cause rice submergence during the ripening stage. This experiment was conducted to clarify the effects of submergence during the ripening period on yield and quality of rice. The flooding treatment was conducted at 7 and 14 days after heading. Flooding conditions were created with two conditions, flag leaf exposed and overhead flooding, and each condition was divided into two conditions according to water quality-clear and muddy. Although the yield decrease was more severe at 7 days after heading because of the decrease in the ripening ratio, the head rice ratio was more affected at 14 days after heading because of the increase in the chalky kernel ratio. The maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm), which indicates the photosynthetic efficiency, did not differ before and after the flooding treatment until flooding continued for 4 days. In addition, stem elongation occurred because of flooding as an avoidance mechanism in japonica rice. This phenomenon was expected to decrease the supply of assimilation products to the spikelet (sink). Overall, it was suggested that additional experiments should be conducted examining the change in the starch synthesis mechanism and transfer of assimilate products resulting from submergence, for development of cultivation techniques corresponding to submergence and breeding of varieties with submergence tolerance characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.246-263
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• 2019

The stone Buddha statue of Sangunsa Temple at Bukhansan in Goyang, Gyeonggi Province, is an excellent example of stone Buddha statues created in the late 15th century. On the base of the figure, there is an inscription, which informs that it was produced in 1497. In recognition of this significance, it was recently designated as a tangible cultural asset in Gyeonggi-do. Thus, this paper tried to evaluate the value of the statue by analyzing iconography and style. The characteristics of a typical 15th-century style that the Buddha statue of Sangunsa Temple shows are the form of ushnisha, the way clothes are worn, the form of a w-shaped chest muscle, and the simple lotus pedestal. On the other hand, the elongation of the waist and the disappearance of the waistband on undergarments are new forms of Buddha statues in the 16th century. Besides, parting the hair in the middle of the head and leaf-shaped short ribbon draped on undergarments are unique features that only appear on the statue of Sangunsa Temple. Sangunsa has been known to be built in the early 18th century based on Bukanji compiled by Seongneung in 1745, and Bongeunbonmalsaji composed in 1943. However, the statue was created in the late 15th century, before the establishment of the temple in the early 18th century. Therefore, this paper briefly reviewed the history of Sangunsa Temple, focusing on the initial period, referring to the historical sites and the relics that were passed on to the temple, as well as the literature records. The data newly referred to in the study are as follows: Sangunsa Stone Pagoda, presumed to be from the Goryeo Dynasty; the Stone Buddha Statue of Sangunsa; Wooden Amita Triad Buddha Statue of Sangunsa. According to the data and contrary to previously-held beliefs, Sangunsa Temple is believed to have been operating since the Goryeo Dynasty. It can be inferred through analysis of the stone Buddha statue of Sangunsa Temple that the size of the Temple before the 18th century was not very large.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.343-347
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the dwarfing effect in variable temperature treatments on 1-year-old and 3-year-old Chloranthus glaber. The plants grown in four difference growth chamber under a mean light intensity $500{\pm}20$ lux, RH of $40{\pm}5%$, and temperature of $5^{\circ}C$, $10^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, and $20^{\circ}C$ for 120 days from January 3, 2011. And then they were moved into a glass house (50% shading). In 1-year-old seedlings, the rate of plant height elongation was lowest at $5^{\circ}C$, but plant growth was not good. The number of leaves and leaf width were highly increased by $10^{\circ}C$ treatment although the plant height was slightly increased. Also the plant height of $15^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$ was decreased and defoliation was started from the bottom leaves. Thus, $10^{\circ}C$ treatment was thought to be the most appropriate for dwarfing effect of 1-year-old seedlings. In 3-year-old seedlings, the plant height tended to increase with temperature, and growth pattern showed a similar trend between $5^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$. The number of leaves increased the most at $5^{\circ}C$. Lateral branches per node were mainly occurred at $5^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$, whereas they almost didn't happen at $15^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$. Flowering rate at $5^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$ reached more than 90% and 60%, respectively, but it was too low at $15^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$ until the end of August. From these results, it could improve plant quality of 1-year-old and 3-year-old Chloranthus glaber making compact potted plants when temperatures were maintained at $10^{\circ}C$ and $5^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.359-365
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• 1985

The four rice varieties, Kwanak, Nongbaek, Pungsan and Nampung-byo were cultivated to examine the growth conditions and grain yield in a Gyuam SiL paddy field irrigated with cold water around $17^{\circ}C$. Water temperatures for various distances from the inlet were measured. The results were summerized as follows. 1. Culm length, panicle exertion, diameter of the 3rd internode stem, heading date, fertilization rate, ripeness rate, no. of grains per panicle and grain yield were sensitive to water temperature. Panicle length, flag-leaf length, diameter of spike-neck and no. of panicles, however, were negligibly sensitive and there were no differences among varieties. 2. Elongations of the 2nd and 3rd internode steam were unsensitive to water temperature. 1st internode elongation and 4th internode development, however, were sensitive which was major factor in the culm length. 3. Ratios of partial dry weight to total dry weight were closely correlated with water temperature, Therefore, dry weight of grain was increased with water temperature while that of plant and root decreased. 4. Chlorophyll contents were decreased with the increment of water temperature and the highest at $20^{\circ}C$. 5. There was no grain yield at $17^{\circ}C$, Increases of grain yield to water temperature per unit were order at Pungsan > Kwanak > Nongbaek > Nampung. 6. The critical temperature in grain yield was $21^{\circ}C$. Optimum temperatures of Japonica ${\times}$ Indica types were higher than those of Japonica types.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2021

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the final irrigation timing (FIT) before packaging for long-term transportation on growth, flowering, and crop quality of Phalaenopsis after simulated dark shipping (SDS). Phalaenopsis Sogo Yukidian 'V3' plants grown in 11 cm-diameter plastic pots filled with potting media (sphagnum moss + bark or only sphagnum moss) were packaged in paper boxes for export at 3.5, 7, 10 days (FIT 3.5, 7,10; Experiment 1) and 4, 6, 8, 10 days (FIT 4, 6, 8, 10; Experiment 2) after the final irrigation and then stored in a growth chamber at 20 ± 1℃ and 70 ± 3% RH created for SDS. After 4 weeks, the plants were taken out and grown in a greenhouse at 23 ± 3℃ and 70 ± 5% RH, and crop characteristics were measured during cultivation. In Experiment 1, the survival rate of FIT 3.5 plants was lower than that of FIT 7 and FIT 10. There was no difference between treatments in days to first flower, the number of florets, and the elongation rate of flower stalks. In Experiment 2, the percentage of rotted leaves was lowest in FIT 6 when before forcing and at 12 weeks after forcing, and that of FIT 8 was similar to FIT 6 when before forcing, but slightly increased after 12 weeks. The percentage of rotted leaves of FIT 10 was highest and that of FIT 4 was also high. There was little difference in flowering characteristics among treatments. In conclusion, the FIT before packaging for long-term (4 weeks) transportation of potted Phalaenopsis 'V3' affected the leaf rot rather than the post-shipping growth and flowering. And it was considered appropriate to set the volumetric water content of the potting media just before packaging to about 30%.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.489-495
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• 1996

Seedling emergences of four rice varieties (Dongjinbyeo, Dadajo, Galsaekggarak-sharebyeo, and Italiconaverneco) and three barnyardgrass species(Echjnochloa oryzjcola, E. crus-gali var. crus gali E. crus-gali var. praticola) were evaluated in relation to soil strength. Soil strength was varied by compressing the entire volume of soil with a hydraulic jack so as to be 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6kg /$\textrm{cm}^2$. Soil strength was measured with a penetrometer (Yamanaka type) and soil covering above the seed was 4cm deep. Experiments were conducted at two air temperature conditions of 17 and $25^{\circ}C$. At a soil strength of up to 2kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$, little or no decrease in seedling emergence occurred in all rice varieties and barnyardgrasses tested. Above that value, seedling emergence decreased progressively as the soil strength increased. The degree of decrease was greatest in Dongjinbyeo and smallest in Dadajo among tested rice varieties, and greatest in Echinochloa oryzicola among barnyardgrasses, being greater in barnyardgrasses than rice. Seedling emergence was delayed almost linearly as the soil strength increased. The delay was greatest in Dongjinbyeo among rice varieties and in Echinochloa oryzicola among barnyardgrasses. Mesocotyl length increased as soil strength increased up to 2 to 3kg / $\textrm{cm}^2$ in Dongjinbyeo and Dadajo in 17$^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$, and up to 6kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in Galsaekggaraksharebyeo and Italiconaverneco in $25^{\circ}C$. Dongjinbyeo showed the least elongation of mesocotyl among rice varieties in any soil strength. The total length of mesotyl, first internode and incomplete leaf showed little variation with soil strength. The total length was longer than the 4cm covering depth in other varieties except Dongjinbyeo. This might have caused the lower emergence rate in Dongjinbyeo than other varieties in higher soil strength.