• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.89-103
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• 2014

According to experimental studies made so far, design formula of shear characteristics suggested by ISO 22762 and JEAG 4614, representative design code for Lead Rubber Bearing(LRB) shows dependence caused by changes in compressive stress. Especially, in the case of atypical special structure, such as a nuclear power structure, placement of seismic isolation bearing is more limited compared to that of existing structures and design compressive stress is various in sizes. As a result, there is a difference between design factor and real behavior with regards to shear characteristics of base isolation device, depending on compressive stress. In this study, a full-scale low hardness device of LRB, representative base isolation device was manufactured, analyzed, and then evaluated through an experiment on shear characteristics related to various compressive stresses. With design compressive stress of the full-scale LRB (13MPa) being a basis, changes in shear characteristics were analyzed for compressive stress of 5 MPa, 10 MPa, 13 MPa, 15 MPa, and 20 MPa based on characteristics test specified by ISO 22762:2010 and based on the test result, a regression analysis was made to offer an empirical formula. With application of proposed design formula which reflected the existing design formula and empirical formula, trend of horizontal characteristics was analyzed.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.374-381
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• 2000

본 논문에서는 지진 발생시, LRB가 설치된 교량의 시간이력 해석을 수행하였다 이를 위해 LRB의 비선형 거동특성을 Bi-linear로 모형화 하였으며, 기존의 방법인 등가선형으로 모형화된 해석결과와 비교하였다. 또한 LRB받침만 설치된 경우와, LRB받침과 일반탄성받침이 함께 사용된 경우를 해석하여, 받침이 혼합된 경우, 상시하중과 지진하중시 발생할 수 있는 문제점을 검토하였다. 4경간 연속교량에 적용된 해석결과를 보면, LRB만을 설치한 경우, Pot-Bearing만 설치된 경우에 .비해, 고유주기 상승과 이력감쇠에 의한 지진력의 감소와 함께, 지진력의 효과적인 분배를 볼 수 있었으며, 일반탄성받침과의 적절한 조합에 의해서도, 충분한 면진성능을 얻을 수 있었다. 또한 LRB의 등가선형 모델이 Bi-linear 모델에 비해 보수적인 해석결과를 나타내었다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.247-251
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• 2001

Nowadays, base isolation systems such as lead-rubber bearing, elastomer bearing and sliding bearing have been installed to the various structures to prevent the disaster from seismic. The performance of base isolation system have been well proved by model-scale experiments and numerical analysis. However. the seismic response data measured at real large base-isolated structures is still insufficient. This paper presents a seismic monitoring system, acquiring real-time acceleration signals up to 32 channels, displaying time history and spectrum of the signals, storing the acquired data at a PC hard disk, and replaying the saved data. Moreover, the system can be operated without any limitation for monitoring period by automatic management of stored data file. The developed system has been installed at a real base-isolated building using lead-rubber bearings and we expect its seismic response data with ground motion signal can be well licquired in case of earthquake occurrence.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 1998

Experimental work undertaken to investigate the behaviour of lead-rubber bearings under compression and a combination of compression and shear or rotation has been reported on elsewhere. However, it is difficult to determine the state of stress within the bearings in terms of the applied forces and the interaction between the lead plug and the steel shims and elastomeric layers. In order to supply some of the missing information about the stress-strain state within the bearings, an analytical study using the finite element method was carried out. The available experimental results were used to validate the model and although agreement was not as good as expected (on account of difficulties in modelling the lead plug), the analyses did provide some information about the state of the stress within the bearing.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.507-514
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• 2007

This paper summarizes the results of a research on the isolate effects and economical efficiencies of seismic isolation design compared with the existing earthquake-resistant design, and presents seismic performance of the base isolation system consisting of sliding-type bearing and lead rubber bearing (LRB) compared with that consisting of the LRB only. From the results of the research, it is verified that seismic isolation is very effective to mitigate the influence of earthquake on structures and it is possible to increase the serviceability due to decrease of the floor acceleration. Also, from the point of view of reduction of story acceleration and base shear, the base isolation system consisting of sliding-type bearing and LRB is more effective than that with LRB only. In respect of economical efficiency, special care should be taken in using this method since costs which have to be paid in proportin to increased performance are high.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.600-606
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• 2019

Studies on the application of the lead rubber bearing (LRB) isolation system to nuclear power plants are being carried out as one of the measures to improve seismic performance. Nuclear power plants with isolation systems require seismic probabilistic safety assessments, for which the seismic fragility of the structures, systems, and components needs be calculated, including for beyond design basis earthquakes. To this end, seismic response analyses are required, where it can be seen that the behaviors of the isolation system components govern the overall seismic response of an isolated plant. The numerical model of the LRB used in these seismic response analyses plays an important role, but in most cases, the extreme performance of the LRB has not been well studied. The current work therefore develops an extreme nonlinear numerical model that can express the seismic response of the LRB for beyond design basis earthquakes. A full-scale LRB was fabricated and dynamically tested with various input conditions, and test results confirmed that the developed numerical model better represents the behavior of the LRB over previous models. Subsequent seismic response analyses of isolated nuclear power plants using the model developed here are expected to provide more accurate results for seismic probabilistic safety assessments.

• Proceedings of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.258-265
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• 1998

Seismic isolation has developed to the point where it may be considered as a viable design alternate for a wide range of building structures. However, it needs to consider various aspects to adopt a suitable isolation system for buildings practically. This report presents the basis for the preliminary design procedure which has been developed for the seismic isolation system using the lead rubber bearings. The design procedures have been developed to ensure that the bearings will safely support the maximum gravity load throughout the life of the structure while they provide a period shift and hysteretic damping during the design earthquake.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.603-619
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• 2014

Soft storey buildings are characterised by having a storey that has a large amount of open space. This soft storey creates a major weak point during an earthquake. As the soft stories are typically associated with retail spaces and parking garages, they are often on the lower levels of tall building structures. Thus, when these stories collapse, the entire building can also collapse, causing serious structural damage that may render the structure completely unusable. The use of special soft storey is predominant in the tall building structures constructed by several local developers, making the issue important for local building structures. In this study, the effect of the incorporation of an isolator on the seismic behaviour of tall building structures is examined. The structures are subjected to earthquakes typical of the local city, and the isolator is incorporated with the appropriate isolator time period and damping ratio. A FEM-based computational relationship is proposed to increase the storey height so as to incorporate the isolator with the same time period and damping ratio for both a lead rubber bearing (LRB) and high-damping rubber bearing (HDRB). The study demonstrates that the values of the FEM-based structural design parameters are greatly reduced when the isolator is used. It is more beneficial to incorporate a LRB than a HDRB.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.311-319
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• 2019

The number of aged bridges is increasing so that bridges over 30 years old account for about 11% of all bridges. Consequently, the development of a seismic performance evaluation method that considers the effects of ageing is essential for a seismic retrofitting process for improvement of the seismic safety of existing old bridges. Assessment of the damage situation of bridges after the recent earthquakes in Korea has been limited to the bearings, anchor, and concrete mortar on piers. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the seismic responses of PSC box girder bridges by considering the ageing effect of rubber bearings (RBs) and lead-rubber bearings (LRBs). The modification factor proposed by AASHTO is used to take into account the ageing effect in the bearings. PSC box girder bridges with RBs and LRBs were 3D modeled and analyzed with the OpenSEES program. In order to evaluate the ageing effect of RBs and LRBs, 40 near fault and 40 far field records were used as the input earthquakes. When considering the effect of ageing, the displacement responses and shear forces of bridge bearings (RBs and LRBs) were found to increase mostly under the analytical conditions. It was shown that the effect of ageing is greater in the case of RBs than in the case of LRBs.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.503-529
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• 2015

Traditionally, multi-story buildings are designed to provide stiffer structural support to withstand lateral earthquake loading. Introducing flexible elements at the base of a structure and providing sufficient damping is an alternative way to mitigate seismic hazards. These features can be achieved with a device known as an isolator. This paper covers the design of base isolators for multi-story buildings in medium-risk seismicity regions and evaluates the structural responses of such isolators. The well-known tower building for police personnel built in Dhaka, Bangladesh by the Public Works Department (PWD) has been used as a case study to justify the viability of incorporating base isolators. The objective of this research was to establish a simplified model of the building that can be effectively used for dynamic analysis, to evaluate the structural status, and to suggest an alternative option to handle the lateral seismic load. A finite element model was incorporated to understand the structural responses. Rubber-steel bearing (RSB) isolators such as Lead rubber bearing (LRB) and high damping rubber bearing (HDRB) were used in the model to insert an isolator link element in the structural base. The nonlinearities of rubber-steel bearings were considered in detail. Linear static, linear dynamic, and nonlinear dynamic analyses were performed for both fixed-based (FB) and base isolated (BI) buildings considering the earthquake accelerograms, histories, and response spectra of the geological sites. Both the time-domain and frequency-domain approaches were used for dynamic solutions. The results indicated that for existing multi-story buildings, RSB diminishes the muscular amount of structural response compared to conventional non-isolated structures. The device also allows for higher horizontal displacement and greater structural flexibility. The suggested isolation technique is able to mitigate the structural hazard under even strong earthquake vulnerability.