• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.215-222
• /
• 2019

PURPOSE. To evaluate the polishing effect on roughness and color change of pressed and layering ceramics after immersion in coffee solution. MATERIALS AND METHODS. 88 ceramic discs ($1.0mm{\times}10.0mm$) were manufactured - 44 nano-fluorapatite layering ceramics (IPS e.max Ceram. Group C) and 44 pressed lithium disilicate ceramic discs (IPS e. max Press - Group P). Each group was divided into 4 subgroups according to surface treatments: (G) Glaze, (S) Shofu polishing system (Shofu Inc.), (E) Edenta AG polishing System, (KG) $30-{\mu}m$ diamond granulation tip. Surface roughness (Ra) and color change (${\Delta}E$) measurings after the surface treatments were performed, before and 12 days after the immersion in coffee solution. A samples' qualitative analysis was conducted with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were statistically-treated with one-way-ANOVA and Duncan's tests, apart from paired t-test and Pearson's correlation test (${\alpha}=5%$). RESULTS. The decrescent order, both for surface roughness (Ra) and ${\Delta}E$ for both ceramics were: KG > E > S > G (P<.05). With exception for PG and CG subgroups, which did not present statistical difference between them, all other pressed ceramics subgroups presented smaller Ra values and greater ${\Delta}E$ values than the layering ceramics subgroups (P<.05). CONCLUSION. Although mechanical polishing systems presented intermediate Ra values, their colors were considered clinically acceptable. There is a strong correlation between the surface roughness and the color change of tested ceramics.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.139-150
• /
• 1988

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the marginal adaptation of Class V resin restorations by the filling techniques. The cavities were filled with Heliosit$^{(R)}$ light curing composite resin system in accordance with the following three filling techniques - bulk-pack placement technique, apical to occlusal layering placement technique, and buccolingual layering placement technique. And the interface between the restoration and the tooth structure was observed with scanning electron microscope. The following results were obtained. 1. Marginal adaptation of enamel showed excellent irrespective of the filling techniques. 2. Marginal leakage of dentin was observed irrespective of the filling techniques. 3. No difference of marginal adaptation according to the filling techniques was observed in light curing composite resin.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.222-237
• /
• 2012

Air-containing fashion, which can offer diverse functions through the inflow and outflow of air, is highly relevant in today's mobile society, where people are experiencing a wider range of environments. This study attempts to suggest the possibility of air-containing multi-functional fashion that could continuously be utilized by developing a design for an air-containing jacket using modular systems. In this research, the modular systems in architecture and furniture design were referenced through a review of the literature for the purpose of establishing modular systems in fashion. Functions relevant to the mobility of today's society are derived from the results of advanced research and applied to the design of modules of the jacket. The modules are integrated through the modular systems. The folding and unfolding structure in architecture and furniture is applied as a folding system in fashion, the vertical accumulation structure as a layering system, and the horizontal integration structure as a combining system, and in addition, the containing system has emerged in fashion. Each module is designed to fulfill certain functions, such as cushioning, heat insulation, and portability. The folding system is utilized in designing the cushion module to support the neck and back of a wearer by making its hood and hem fold in the back. The application of a layering system was suggested by making the vest, combined with the neck cushion and back cushion via the combining system, layered with its insulation module. By applying the combining system, the hood that includes the neck cushion, the skirt that includes the back cushion, the body that includes the insulation module, and the sleeves can be connected and separated by a zipper. The applicability of this concept was proven by applying a developed design to an actual item.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
• /
• v.16 no.1 s.60
• /
• pp.85-94
• /
• 2006

In this study, scaled model tests were carried out to decide the optimal critical velocity, to prevent back layering in the case of fire in a long traffic tunnel. Realistic estimates were made for the time required for people to escape ken the tunnel and far the time required by the ventilation operator to increase the system speed to full capacity. The analysis, predicts that the emergency ventilation will start about 240 seconds after the tunnel fire. It was also found that prevention of back layering would occur within 4 minutes after fan operation. To find out optimal critical velocity, a 1/50 scaled model tunnel(diameter : 0.2 m and length : 20 m) based on the Froude similarity technique was constructed. Changing $\beta$ values in the Tetzner's equation, smoke propagation was observed. From the experiment, it was concluded that using a $\beta$ value of 0.5 to prevent back layering successfully allowed time for safe evacuation.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.11 no.9
• /
• pp.29-43
• /
• 2013

The dominant perspective on institutional change of the GRI is the environment-dependence. GRI's institutions are, however, prone to change due to the endogenous factors. Therefore, we need a dynamic alternative model to analyze the interaction between the exogenous and endogenous factors around the GRI's institutions. In this paper, authors examined the changes in GRI's funding system. The results were verified in the layering which is a one of the dynamic institutional change forms. Owing to the interaction between the exogenous and endogenous factors, institutional reform's layers of the institution funding expansion have been continuously accumulated in order to modify the Project-Based System(PBS). Eventually expansion layers of the institution funding have grown more quickly than the Project-Based System(PBS), as a result, GRI's funding system has been changing centered on the Block funding.

• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.20 no.5
• /
• pp.47-61
• /
• 2011

This study examined the background and change of building Yeongam eupseong and characteristics and construction method of its spatial structure. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, Yeongam eupseong was built for the same purpose of national border defense against the invasion of Japanese army as other Eupseongs were built and it was found first in the literature in the era of King Munjong of Joseon Dynasty with the scale of three gates and 4,369 cheok of castle wall. Such a scale was continued and in particular, according to flat structure, road network and gate position shown in the map, the form and road system of Yeongam eupseong before the 19th century were mostly identical with the current ones. Second, castle wall was built over foundation by using talcum after leveling the foundation soil and castle wall can be divided into outer wall, filling part and inner wall from the section. Outer wall was constructed by inserting and layering pebbles with big irregular stone, filling part was made with talcum and riprap and inner wall with soil in several layers by keeping gradient. This building method showed common features in inserting and layering pebbles for outer wall, use of protruded base and section form compared to Jeollado Eupseong.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.46 no.5
• /
• pp.910-926
• /
• 2022

Suitability for the human body, freedom to move and thermal insulation are important design considerations in military clothing. This study investigates the performance and wearer-satisfaction of the functional inner winter uniform currently used in Korea; it is hoped that our data can inform the development of a future version. Interviews were conducted, in which the participants suggested various improvements. The uniforms were mainly worn for guard duty or as daily attire in cold weather. The participants chose how many layers to wear according to the current situation, rather than sticking to the layering recommended in the manual. Layering choices did not significantly affect combat efficiency but were found to affect wearers' comfort. Wearers' satisfaction was found to depend on the convenience of the clothing, whether it was in the appropriate size, freedom to move and thermal insulation. Also, this study suggests a problem with the current size system, as the analysis of size distribution, across all sizes, the range of current production is insufficient to cover the demand.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
• /
• v.9 no.5
• /
• pp.35-46
• /
• 2008

This paper defines a diagram showing the characteristics of service connections in SOA, and it designs the connection testing with the diagram. The detail steps of building test requirements in the test design phase are explained, and the steps are applied to two different enterprise cases as examples. The cases are real SOA system of real enterprises. Recently, many enterprises have been trying to reconfigure their system as SOA systems. However, these projects are hard to be applied to their mission-critical real systems, since there is few testing technique understanding SOA characteristics, One of the missing characteristics of SOA in testing is that SOA needs a layering systems between business processes and applications. This paper focuses on the layering system of SOA to solve the testing problem in SOA.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
• /
• v.8 no.6
• /
• pp.709-712
• /
• 2006

The aim of this study is to find out comfortable combinations of layered system for outdoor activities through water vapor permeability. Layering fabrics is an effective way of controlling water transport properties in fabric systems for outdoor activities and analysis of these systems may be useful for designing comfortable clothing. Seven fabrics were chosen for the experiments: two fabrics for base layer, two for the middle layer and three for the shell layer. A total of 12 different layered systems, which are all possible combinations were established using selected fabrics. The water vapor permeability was measured using JIS L1099 under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. It was found that layered system was working together as a whole having influence on each layer, though every layer offers varying degree of water vapor permeability. Furthermore, it was also found that an optimal combination of the three layered system does exist although the combination may differ according to the ways. The shell layer is the greatest effect of water vapor permeability under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions within layered system.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.8-14
• /
• 2006

The object of this study was to investigate the carbonization of Quercus variabilis wood samples in pyrolysis system at temperature ranging from 250 to $740^{\circ}C$ to contribute to the knowledge of wood carbonization mechanism. Volume of wood sample decreased with increasing the carbonization temperature, and checks were developed along with radial direction. Weight loss increased with increasing carbonization temperature. During carbonization, tangential direction showed higher shrinkage of vessel diameter than radial direction. SEM observation indicated that the cell walls in wood fibers and parenchyma cells presented the layering structure at $250^{\circ}C$ and $300^{\circ}C$. However, the cross section of cell walls at $340^{\circ}C$ and over showed an amorphous- like structure without cell wall layering. X-ray diffraction presented that the cellulose crystalline substance was still remained in carbonization temperature at $340^{\circ}C$, but it was not detected at $540^{\circ}C$ and over.