• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.157-170
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• 2024

In the present study, the acoustic emission characteristics of hard sedimentary sandstone with varying bedding dip angles were examined through uniaxial compression tests using a rock mechanics creep apparatus combined with an acoustic emission system. The deformation and failure behavior of the sandstone was analyzed by correlating acoustic emission parameters with stress over time. A damage constitutive model was developed, incorporating cumulative acoustic emission ringing counts as a key parameter, with time acting as the intermediary. The findings indicate that, despite the differences in bedding dip angles, the stress-strain curves of the samples follow a similar pattern throughout the loading process, passing through four distinct phases: compaction, elastic deformation, yielding, and post-peak failure. The fracture patterns of the sandstone are influenced by the dip angle of the bedding. Acoustic emission parameters, including the ringing count, cumulative ringing count, and energy, align with these four stages of the stress-strain curve. During the compaction and elastic deformation phases, acoustic emissions remain in a quite state, with only brief spikes at points of rapid stress change. In the unstable fracture stage, acoustic emissions become highly active, while they return to a quite state in the post-fracture stage. The RA value of the acoustic emission displays a banded pattern as time progresses, with areas of dense clustering. When the stress curve declines, RA values enter an active period, mainly associated with the generation of shear cracks. Conversely, during periods of smooth stress progression, RA values remain in a quiet state, primarily linked to the formation of tensile cracks. The time-based damage constitutive model for layered sandstone effectively captures the entire process of rock fracture development.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.645-667
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• 2015

Single treatment and staged treatments in vertical wells are widely applied in sandstone and mudstone thin interbedded (SMTI) reservoir to stimulate the reservoir. The keys and difficulties of stimulating this category of formations are to avoid hydraulic fracture propagating through the interface between shale and sand as well as control the fracture height. In this paper, the cohesive zone method was utilized to build the 3-dimensional fracture dynamic propagation model in shale and sand interbedded formation based on the cohesive damage element. Staged treatments and single treatment were simulated by single fracture propagation model and double fractures propagation model respectively. Study on the changes of fracture vicinity stress field during propagation is to compare and analyze the parameters which influence the interfacial induced stresses between two different fracturing methods. As a result, we can prejudge how difficult it is that the fracture propagates along its height direction. The induced stress increases as the pumping rate increasing and it changes as a parabolic function of the fluid viscosity. The optimized pump rate is $4.8m^3/min$ and fluid viscosity is $0.1Pa{\cdot}s$ to avoid the over extending of hydraulic fracture in height direction. The simulation outcomes were applied in the field to optimize the treatment parameters and the staged treatments was suggested to get a better production than single treatment.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.89-97
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• 2007

포항 저온 지열개발 지역에서 지하구조 규명 및 파쇄대 탐지를 목적으로 3 차원 자기지전류 (MT)탐사를 실시하였다. 현장에서 약 480 km 떨어진 일본 큐슈 지역에 원거리 기준점을 설치하여 양질의 자료를 획득하였다. 대상지역이 바다에 인접한 관계로 바다의 효과를 고려한 3 차원 모델링과 역산을 수행하여 측정된 MT 탐사자료에 포함된 바다효과를 고찰하였다. 그 결과 포항지역에 인접한 바다는 해안선으로부터의 거리에 따라 $1\;Hz{\sim}0.2\;Hz$ 이하의 주파수대에 주로 영향을 미치며, 특히 영일만에 인접한 남동쪽의 측점들이 바다의 영향을 가장 크게 받은 것으로 나타났다. 약 2km 심도 이하의 천부에서는 인접한 바다를 3 차원 역산에 포함시킨 경우와 그렇지 않은 경우가 매우 비슷한 결과를 보였으나, 이보다 심부의 경우는 바다를 포함시키지 않은 3 차원 역산에서 대상지역의 남동쪽에 저비저항 구조가 나타나는데 이는 인접 바다의 영향이 투영되어 나타난 것으로 보인다. 시추 결과 및 역산에 의한 전기비저항 구조를 비교한 결과 대상지역의 지하를 크게 다섯 개의 층으로 구분할 수 있었다. 즉: 1) 10 ohm-m 이하의 전기비저항을 보이는 반고결이암층이 대상지역 북쪽에서는 지표로부터 약 300 m, 남쪽에서는 약 600 m 의 두께로 분포하고; 2) 이암층 내에 수십 ohm-m의 전기비저항을 보이는 화산력응회암 및 조면현무암이 교대로 나타나며; 3) 수백 ohm-m의 전기비저항을 갖는 유문암이 약 400 m 의 두께로; 4) 이후 약 1.5 km 까지는 약 100 ohm-m 의 전기비저항을 보이는 사암 및 이암층이 분포하며; 5) 약 3 km 심도에서 저비저항 구조가 나타나는데 이 층에 대해서는 추가적인 지질학적, 지구물리학적인 조사가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.