• 한국정밀공학회지
• /
• 제22권11호
• /
• pp.111-117
• /
• 2005

The vibration problems associated with gear coupled rotors have been the focus of much engineering work. These systems are complex and difficult to analyze in that they have the problems associated with conventional rotors plus those additional problems associated with the gear couplings. This paper examines the problems peculiar to the gear mesh. Because of the meshing action of gears, the elasticity of the gear teeth introduces time-varying stiffness coefficients into the governing equations of motion. This means that system response must be thought of in terms of Mathieu-type equations, where multiple-frequency response occur due to the periodic coefficients. The meshing action of the gears also couples the lateral and torsional gear motions. Gear errors, such as tooth profile and spacing errors, produce forces and torque that excite the system at multiple frequencies, some of which are much higher than shaft rotational speed. To investigate how to the time-varying stiffness in the gear teeth and the gear errors act one the dynamic response of the gear coupled rotors, a three-dimensional dynamic model with lateral-tortional oscillation is developed. The harmonic balance technique is employed to solve this mathieu-type problem.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.665-682
• /
• 2015

Structural identification or St-Id is 'the parametric correlation of structural response characteristics predicted by a mathematical model with analogous characteristics derived from experimental measurements'. This paper describes a St-Id exercise on Humber Bridge that adopted a novel two-stage approach to first calibrate and then validate a mathematical model. This model was then used to predict effects of wind and temperature loads on global static deformation that would be practically impossible to observe. The first stage of the process was an ambient vibration survey in 2008 that used operational modal analysis to estimate a set of modes classified as vertical, torsional or lateral. In the more recent second stage a finite element model (FEM) was developed with an appropriate level of refinement to provide a corresponding set of modal properties. A series of manual adjustments to modal parameters such as cable tension and bearing stiffness resulted in a FEM that produced excellent correspondence for vertical and torsional modes, along with correspondence for the lower frequency lateral modes. In the third stage traffic, wind and temperature data along with deformation measurements from a sparse structural health monitoring system installed in 2011 were compared with equivalent predictions from the partially validated FEM. The match of static response between FEM and SHM data proved good enough for the FEM to be used to predict the un-measurable global deformed shape of the bridge due to vehicle and temperature effects but the FEM had limited capability to reproduce static effects of wind. In addition the FEM was used to show internal forces due to a heavy vehicle to to estimate the worst-case bearing movements under extreme combinations of wind, traffic and temperature loads. The paper shows that in this case, but with limitations, such a two-stage FEM calibration/validation process can be an effective tool for performance prognosis.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.211-225
• /
• 1994

Responses of asymmetrical multistorey buildings to earthquakes are obtained by quasi-static code approach and real time dynamic analysis, using two different structural models. In the first model, all vertical members are assumed to be restrained at the slab levels and hence their end rotations, about horizontal axes, are taken as zero. In the second model this restriction is removed and the rotation is assumed to be proportional to the lateral stiffness of the member. A simple microcomputer based procedure is used in the analyses, by both models. Numerical examples are presented where results obtained from both the models are given. Effects of modelling on the response of three buildings, each with a different type and degree of asymmetry, are studied. Results for deflections and shear forces are presented and the effects of the type of model on the response are discussed.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제16권6호
• /
• pp.715-726
• /
• 2019

Several municipal seismic vulnerability investigations have been identified pounding of adjacent structures as one of the main hazards due to the constrained separation distance between adjacent buildings. Consequently, an assessment of the seismic pounding risk of buildings is superficial in future adjustment of design code provisions for buildings. The seismic lateral oscillation of adjacent buildings with eccentric alignment is partly restrained, and therefore a torsional response demand is induced in the building under earthquake excitation due to eccentric pounding. In this paper, the influence of the eccentric seismic pounding on the design demands for adjacent symmetric buildings with eccentric alignment is presented. A mathematical simulation is formulated to evaluate the eccentric pounding effects on the seismic design demands of adjacent buildings, where the seismic response analysis of adjacent buildings in series during collisions is investigated for various design parameters that include number of stories; in-plan alignment configurations, and then compared with that for no-pounding case. According to the herein outcomes, the effects of seismic pounding severity is mainly depending on characteristics of vibrations of the adjacent buildings and on the characteristics of input ground motions as well. The position of the building wherever exterior or interior alignment also, influences the seismic pounding severity as the effect of exposed direction from one or two sides. The response of acceleration and the shear force demands appear to be greater in case of adjacent buildings as seismic pounding at different levels of stories, than that in case of no-pounding buildings. The results confirm that torsional oscillations due to eccentric pounding play a significant role in the overall pounding-involved response of symmetric buildings under earthquake excitation due to horizontal eccentric alignment.

• 대한조선학회논문집
• /
• 제35권3호
• /
• pp.71-78
• /
• 1998

최근 선박의 디젤주기관은, 선반의 에너지 절약을 도모하기 위하여 장행정 소수실린더 저속회전화 추세에 있기 때문에 기전력이 커지고 있다. 이러한 결과로 추진축계에 비틂진동이 크게 발생함으로 인하여 축계의 과잉 비틂진동응력과 프로펠러의 추력변동이 크게 야기되면서 추력변동은 축계와 상부구조물의 종진동을 유발시키고 있다. 이와관련하여 추진축계의 기진력이 확정적이라는 가정하에서 확정적 연성강제진동에 관한 연구가 진행되어 왔으며, 또한 축계기진력의 변화성을 고려하여 축계 비틂강제진동에 대한 확률적 해석이 수행되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 디젤기관 및 프로펠러의 기진력의 확률변수를 동시에 고려하여, 추진축계의 종 비틂연성진동의 확률적 해석에 대한 새로운 방법을 제시하였다. 확률적 해석에 응답면이론과 Monte-Carlo시뮬레이션법이 적용되었다. 본 해석방법의 유용성을 확인하기위하여 시산대상선의 추진축계에 대한 일련의 확정적 및 확률적 수치계산을 각각 수행하고, 그 계산결과를 서로 비교 검토하여 본 결과, 본 해석방법의 유용성이 확인되었다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.471-495
• /
• 2014

The responses of steel buildings with perimeter moment resisting frames (PMRF) with medium size columns (W14) are estimated and compared with those of buildings with deep columns (W27), which are selected according to two criteria: equivalent resistance and equivalent weight. It is shown that buildings with W27 columns have no problems of lateral torsional, local or shear buckling in panel zone. Whether the response is larger for W14 or W27 columns, depends on the level of deformation, the response parameter and the structural modeling under consideration. Modeling buildings as two-dimensional structures result in an overestimation of the response. For multiple response parameters, the W14 columns produce larger responses for elastic behavior. The axial load on columns may be significantly larger for the buildings with W14 columns. The interstory displacements are always larger for W14 columns, particularly for equivalent weight and plane models, implying that using deep columns helps to reduce interstory displacements. This is particularly important for tall buildings where the design is usually controlled by the drift limit state. The interstory shears in interior gravity frames (GF) are significantly reduced when deep columns are used. This helps to counteract the no conservative effect that results in design practice, when lateral seismic loads are not considered in GF of steel buildings with PMRF. Thus, the behavior of steel buildings with deep columns, in general, may be superior to that of buildings with medium columns, using less weight and representing, therefore, a lower cost.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
• /
• 제16권2호통권69호
• /
• pp.215-224
• /
• 2004

에너지법을 이용하여 보-기둥 및 기둥의 비탄성 좌굴거동을 해석하였다. 미국에서 생산되는 I 형강에 적용되는 단순형 잔류응력 모델을 우리나라에서 생산되는 I 형강에 적용하였다. 먼저, 집중 압축 축하중과 균등 휨을 동시에 받는 I 형강에 대하여 비탄성 횡-비틀림 좌굴거동을 알아보고 보-기둥에서의 잔류응력의 영향을 해석하였다. 또한 기둥의 경우에 대하여 해석하였으며 얻어진 결과를 강구조편람에 의한 설계 시의 값과 비교하였다. 결론적으로 강구조편람에 의한 설계는 과설계가 됨을 알 수 있었다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.49-71
• /
• 2015

The present paper aims at evaluating damage and collapse behavior of low-rise buildings with unidirectional mass irregularities in plan (torsional buildings). In previous earthquake events, such buildings have been exposed to extensive damages and even total collapse in some cases. To investigate the performance and collapse behavior of such buildings from probabilistic points of view, three-dimensional three and six-story reinforced concrete models with unidirectional mass eccentricities ranging from 0% to 30% and designed with modern seismic design code provisions specific to intermediate ductility class were subjected to nonlinear static as well as extensive nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) under a set of far-field real ground motions containing 21 two-component records. Performance of each model was then examined by means of calculating conventional seismic design parameters including the response reduction (R), structural overstrength (${\Omega}$) and structural ductility (${\mu}$) factors, calculation of probability distribution of maximum inter-story drift responses in two orthogonal directions and calculation collapse margin ratio (CMR) as an indicator of performance. Results demonstrate that substantial differences exist between the behavior of regular and irregular buildings in terms of lateral load capacity and collapse margin ratio. Also, results indicate that current seismic design parameters could be non-conservative for buildings with high levels of plan eccentricity and such structures do not meet the target "life safety" performance level based on safety margin against collapse. The adverse effects of plan irregularity on collapse safety of structures are more pronounced as the number of stories increases.

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• 제10권5호
• /
• pp.489-505
• /
• 2012

This paper presents a simplified grid beam model for simulating the nonlinear response of reinforced concrete flat-plate structures. The beam elements are defined with nonlinear behavior for bending moment and torsion. The flexural stiffness and torsional strength of the beam elements are defined based on experimental data to implicitly account for slab two-way bending effects. A failure criterion that considers the interaction between the punching strength and slab flexural behavior is incorporated in the model. The effects of bond-slip of slab reinforcement on connection stiffness are examined. The proposed grid beam model is validated by simulating large-scale tests of slab-column connections subjected to concentric gravity loading and unbalanced moment. This study also determines the critical parameters for a hysteretic model used to simulate flat-plates subjected to cyclic lateral loading.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.159-178
• /
• 2006

For the slender and flexible cable supported bridges, identification of all the flutter derivatives for the vertical, lateral and torsional motions is essential for its stability investigation. In all, eighteen flutter derivatives may have to be considered, the identification of which using a three degree-of-freedom elastic suspension system has been a challenging task. In this paper, a system identification technique, known as covariance-driven stochastic subspace identification (COV-SSI) technique, has been utilized to extract the flutter derivatives for a typical bridge deck. This method identifies the stochastic state-space model from the covariances of the output-only (stochastic) data. All the eighteen flutter derivatives have been simultaneously extracted from the output response data obtained from wind tunnel test on a 3-DOF elastically suspended bridge deck section-model. Simplicity in model suspension and measurements of only output responses are additional motivating factors for adopting COV-SSI technique. The identified discrete values of flutter derivatives have been approximated by rational functions.