• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
• /
• v.46 no.12
• /
• pp.108-116
• /
• 2009

In this paper, we propose a Ethernet based audio distribution system with a new L1/L2 hybrid switching scheme, and evaluate its performance. The proposed scheme not only offers guaranteed low latency and jitter characteristics that are essentially required for the distribution of high-quality uncompressed audio traffic, and but also provide an efficient transmission of data traffic on the Ethernet environment. The audio distribution system with a proposed scheme consists of a master node and a number of relay nodes, and all nodes are mutually connected as a daisy-chain topology through up and downlinks. The master node generates an audio frame for each cycle of 125us, and the audio frame has 24 time slotted audio channels for carrying stereo 24 channels of 16-bit PCM sampled audio. On receiving the audio frame from its upstream node via the downlink, each intermediate node inserts its audio traffic to the reserved time slot for itself, then relays again to next node through its physical layer(L1) transmission - repeating. After reaching the end node, the audio frame is loopbacked through the uplink. On repeating through the uplink, each node makes a copy of audio slot that node has to receive, then play the audio. When the audio transmission is completed, each node works as a normal L2 switch, thus data frames are switched during the remaining period. For supporting this L1/L2 hybrid switching capability, we insert a glue logic for parsing and multiplexing audio and data frames at MII(Media Independent Interlace) between the physical and data link layers. The proposed scheme can provide a good delay performance and transmission efficiency than legacy Ethernet based audio distribution systems. For verifying the feasibility of the proposed L1/L2 hybrid switching scheme, we use OMNeT++ as a simulation tool with various parameters. From the simulation results, one can find that the proposed scheme can provides outstanding characteristics in terms of both jitter characteristic for audio traffic and transmission efficiency of data traffics.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.2301-2305
• /
• 2013

Ardisia crispa (Family: Myrsinaceae) is an evergreen, fruiting shrub that has been traditionally used as folklore medicine. Despite a scarcity of research publications, we have succeeded in showing suppressive effects on murine skin papillomagenesis. In extension, the present research was aimed at determining the effect of a quinone-rich fraction (QRF) isolated from the same root hexane extract on both initiation and promotion stages of carcinogenesis, at the selected dose of 30 mg/kg. Mice (groups I-IV) were initiated with a single dose of 7,12-dimethylbenz(${\alpha}$)anthracene (DMBA, $100{\mu}g/100{\mu}l$) followed by repeated promotion of croton oil (1%) twice weekly for 20 weeks. In addition, group I (anti-initiation) received QRF 7 days before and after DMBA; group II (anti-promotion) received QRF 30 minutes before each croton oil application; group III (anti-initiation/promotion) was treated with QRF as a combination of group I and II. A further two groups served as vehicle control (group V) and treated control (group VI). As carcinogen control, group IV showed the highest tumor volume ($8.79{\pm}5.44$) and tumor burden ($3.60{\pm}1.17$). Comparatively, group III revealed only 20% of tumor incidence, tumor burden ($3.00{\pm}1.00$) and tumor volume ($2.40{\pm}1.12$), which were significantly different from group IV. Group II also showed significant reduction of tumor volume (3.11), tumor burden (3.00) and tumor incidence (11.11%), along with prominent increase of latency period of tumor formation (week 12). Group I, nonetheless, demonstrated marked increment of tumor incidence by 40% with prompted latency period of tumor formation (week 7). No tumor formation was observed in groups V and VI. This study provided clear evidence of inhibitory effects of QRF during promotion period which was in agreement with our previous findings. The mechanism(s) underlying such effects have yet to be elucidated.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.69-84
• /
• 2008

Objective: This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of the KBHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on Alzheimer's Disease Model Induced by $\beta$A. Method: The effects of the KBHT hot water extract on expression of proinflammatory cytokine mRNA in BV2 microglial celll cell line treated by lipopolysacchaide(LPS). The effects of the KBHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on (1) the behavior (2) AChE in serum (3) the infarction area of the hippocampus, and brain tissue injury in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with $\beta$A were investigated. Results: 1. The KBHT hot water extract suppressed the expression of proinflammatory cytokine mRNA in BV2 microglial cell line treated with LPS. 2. The KBHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by $\beta$A in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency and distance movement-through latency 3. The KBHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder suppressed the over-expression of AChE activity in the serum of the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by $\alpha$A. 4. The KBHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder suppressed the expression of TNF-$\alpha$, IL-l$\beta$ protein significantly in the microglial cell of mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by 1$\beta$A. 5. The KBHT ultra-fine powder reduced infarction area of hippocampus significantly in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by $\beta$A. Conclusions: These results suggest that the KBHT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the PMCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.119-139
• /
• 2004

This research investigates the effect of the Hibiscus syriacus(HSS) on Alzheimer's disease. Specifically, the effects of the HSS extract on (1) $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA of PC-12 cells treated with LPS; (2) amyloid precursor proteins(APP), acetylcholinesterase(AChE), and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) mRNA of PC-12 cells treated with CT-105; (3) the AChE activity and the APP production of PC-12 cell treated with CT-105; (4) the behavior; (4) expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ mRNA, $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA, and reactive oxygen species(ROS); (5) the infarction area of the hippocampus, and brain tissue injury in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with ${\beta}A$ were investigated. The results were summarized below ; 1. The HSS extract suppressed the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA in THP-l cells treated with LPS. 2. The HSS extract suppressed the expression of APP, AChE, and GFAP mRNA in PC-12 cells treated with CT-105. 3. The HSS extract suppressed the AChE activity, and the production of APP significantly in PC-12 cells treated with CT-105. 4. For the HSS extract group a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$ in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency, and distance movement-through latency. 5. The HSS extract suppressed the over-expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA, CD68/GFAP, ROS in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. 6. The HSS extract reduced the infarction area of hippocampus, and controlled the injury of brain tissue in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. These results suggest that the HSS extract may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the HSS extract for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.77-93
• /
• 2008

Objective : This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of the CBD hot water extract & ultra-fine Powder on Alzheimer's Disease Model Induced by ${\beta}A$. Method : The effects of the CBD hot water extract on expression of interleukin-1 beta($IL-1{\beta}$), $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA and production of IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$ in BV2 microglial cell line treated by lipopolysacchaide(LPS). The effects of the CBD hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on (1) the behavior (2) expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, tumor necrosis factor-alpha($TNF-{\alpha}$), (3) the infarction area of the hippocampus in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with ${\beta}A$ were investigated. Result : The CBD hot water extract suppressed the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA in BV2 microglia cell line treated with LPS. The CBD hot water extract significantly suppressed the production of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$ in BV2 microglial cell line treated with LPS. The CBD hot water extract & ultra-fine powder a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$ in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured step-through latency and distance movement-through latency. The CBD hot water extract & ultra-fine powder significantly suppressed the expression of $IL-l{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ protein in the microglial cell of mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. The CBD hot water extract & ultra-fine powder suppressed the over-expression of AChE activity in the serum of the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. The CBD hot water extract & ultra-fine powder reduced infarction area of hippocampus, in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. Conclusions : These results suggest that the CBD hot water extract & ultra-fine powder may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the CBD hot water extract & ultra-fine powder for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.27 no.6
• /
• pp.674-678
• /
• 2010

The effects of medetomidine on the degree of analgesia and sedation in rats were evaluated. The rats were randomly divided into six groups: saline, 1 mL/kg (group 'Saline'); butorphanol, 2.0 mg/kg; medetomidine, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 or 1.6 mg/kg (group 'MED0.2', 'MED0.4', 'MED0.8' and 'MED1.6', respectively). The degree of analgesia was measured in the $50^{\circ}C$ hot-water tail-flick latency test, and the degree of sedation was evaluated using the numerical sedation score (NSS) and the righting reflex. All doses of medetomidine, except MED0.2, significantly increased the analgesic effect compared to the Saline group. Variables in the MED0.4 and MED0.8 groups, but not in the MED1.6 group, were significantly increased compared to those in the MED0.2 group. However, analgesia with all doses of medetomidine was not significantly different compared to that with butorphanol. Saline and butorphanol treatments did not induce sedation and loss of righting reflex during the recording period. NSS in the MED0.4, MED0.8 and MED1.6 groups were significantly higher than that in the MED0.2 group. NSS in the MED0.8 and MED1.6 groups were not significantly different from that in the MED0.4 group. The latency to loss of righting reflex in the MED0.8 and MED1.6 groups decreased significantly compared to that in the MED0.2 group. Thus, 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg of medetomidine provided not only reliable analgesia but also sedation to rats. In conclusion, 0.4 to 0.8 mg/kg medetomidine could be a useful chemical restraint method in rats.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
• /
• v.32 no.10
• /
• pp.1003-1012
• /
• 2005

The most significant difference of embedded systems from general purpose systems is that embedded systems are allowed to use only limited resources including battery and memory. Especially, the number of applications increases which deal with multimedia data. In those systems with high data computations, the delay of memory access is one of the major bottlenecks hurting the system performance. As a result, many researchers have investigated various techniques to reduce the memory access cost. Most programs generally have locality in memory references. Temporal locality of references means that a resource accessed at one point will be used again in the near future. Spatial locality of references is that likelihood of using a resource gets higher if resources near it were just accessed. The latest embedded processors usually adapt cache memory to exploit these two types of localities. Processors access faster cache memory than off-chip memory, reducing the latency. In this paper we will propose the enhanced dynamic allocation technique for structure-type data in order to eliminate unused memory space and to reduce both the cache miss rate and the application execution time. The proposed approach aggregates fields from multiple records dynamically allocated and consecutively remaps them on the memory space. Experiments on Olden benchmarks show $13.9\%$ L1 cache miss rate drop and $15.9\%$ L2 cache miss drop on average, compared to the previously proposed techniques. We also find execution time reduced by $10.9\%$ on average, compared to the previous work.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.55-70
• /
• 2005

In order to provide mobile hosts with multicast service in mobile communication environment, we proposed a multicast mechanism named HXcast++ which is an extended version of the existing Xcast++ with hierarchical architecture, We assured that mobile hosts could get multicast service through an optimal path regardless of their location by making DR(Designated Router) join a group on behalf of the mobile hosts, In this present research we introduced hierarchical architecture in order to reduce the maintenance cost resulting from frequent handoff. We also proposed a GMA (Group Management Agent) based group management mechanism which enables the mobile hosts to join the group without waiting for a new IGMP Membership Query. A fast handoff method with L2 Mobile Trigger was, in this work, employed in order to reduce the amount of the packet loss which occurs as a result of the handoff, We also managed to curtail the packet loss caused by the latency of the group join by using a buffering and forward mechanism.

• KIISE Transactions on Computing Practices
• /
• v.23 no.7
• /
• pp.417-423
• /
• 2017

Recently, many embedded devices that have the computing capability required for deep learning have become available; hence, many new applications using these devices are emerging. However, these embedded devices have an architecture different from that of PCs and high-performance servers. In this paper, we propose a method that improves the performance of deep-learning framework by considering the architecture of an embedded device that shares memory between the CPU and the GPU. The proposed method is implemented in Caffe, an open-source deep-learning framework, and is evaluated on an NVIDIA Jetson TK1 embedded device. In the experiment, we investigate the image recognition performance of several state-of-the-art deep-learning networks, including AlexNet, VGGNet, and GoogLeNet. Our results show that the proposed method can achieve significant performance gain. For instance, in AlexNet, we could reduce image recognition latency by about 33% and energy consumption by about 50%.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.347-354
• /
• 2015

Excess manganese (Mn) is neurotoxic. Increased manganese stores in the brain are associated with a number of behavioral problems, including motor dysfunction, memory loss and psychiatric disorders. We previously showed that the transport and neurotoxicity of manganese after intranasal instillation of the metal are altered in Hfe-deficient mice, a mouse model of the iron overload disorder hereditary hemochromatosis (HH). However, it is not fully understood whether loss of Hfe function modifies Mn neurotoxicity after ingestion. To investigate the role of Hfe in oral Mn toxicity, we exposed Hfe-knockout ($Hfe^{-/-}$) and their control wild-type ($Hfe^{+/+}$) mice to $MnCl_2$ in drinking water (5 mg/mL) for 5 weeks. Motor coordination and spatial memory capacity were determined by the rotarod test and the Barnes maze test, respectively. Brain and liver metal levels were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Compared with the water-drinking group, mice drinking Mn significantly increased Mn concentrations in the liver and brain of both genotypes. Mn exposure decreased iron levels in the liver, but not in the brain. Neither Mn nor Hfe deficiency altered tissue concentrations of copper or zinc. The rotarod test showed that Mn exposure decreased motor skills in $Hfe^{+/+}$ mice, but not in $Hfe^{-/-}$ mice (p = 0.023). In the Barns maze test, latency to find the target hole was not altered in Mn-exposed $Hfe^{+/+}$ compared with water-drinking $Hfe^{+/+}$ mice. However, Mn-exposed $Hfe^{-/-}$ mice spent more time to find the target hole than Mn-drinking $Hfe^{+/+}$ mice (p = 0.028). These data indicate that loss of Hfe function impairs spatial memory upon Mn exposure in drinking water. Our results suggest that individuals with hemochromatosis could be more vulnerable to memory deficits induced by Mn ingestion from our environment. The pathophysiological role of HFE in manganese neurotoxicity should be carefully examined in patients with HFE-associated hemochromatosis and other iron overload disorders.