• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.21-42
• /
• 1998

This paper aims at examining the regional comparison of the business organization of retailing in the Seoul and Taegu metropolitan areas, as an attempt to understand regional structure of retailing within metropolitan areas which represents the suburbanization. On the national level, retail sales have concentrated on larger metropolitan area, the Seoul metroplitan area, the first largest metropolitan area, having higher sales for population scale. While the Taegu metropolitan area, the third largest metropolitan area, appears to lower retail sales for population scale. In order to confirm such phenomenon, this paper is to analyze and to compare the industrial composition of retailing by industry in 1991 of Seoul with that of Taegu. And this paper is to analyze the regional comparison of business organization of retailing: the percents of establishments under four employees, of juridical establishments, of employees of ordinary times, the annual sales per establishment of retailing. And the characteristics of business organization of retailing by industry are analyzed by principal components analysis, and the explanation of the types with component in each district(city, county, ward) is analyzed by cluster analysis(Ward method). The data of 1991 were obtained from the statistics in the Report on Establishment Census(Vol.3 Wholesale and Retail Trade) published by the National Statistics Office. The results are as follows: 1. The composition of retailing by industry in Seoul metropolitan area by annual sales in 1991 is characterized as appeared very higher composition rates of retailing of textiles, clothing, footwear and apparel accessaries', ‘retailing of furniture, home furnishings and equipment’, retailing of jewellery and watches’, ‘retailing of printed matter and stationery’, ‘retailing of personal transport equipment and gasoline service stations’, and ‘general merchandise stores’. But in Taegu metropolitan area, ‘retailing of food, beverages and tobacco’, ‘retailing of drugs, cosmetics and other chemical goods’, 'retailing household fuel’, and ‘genernal retail trade, n.e.c.’appears very high. Therefore Seoul metropolitan area has larger business scale and retailing of shopping goods has developed than Taegu metropolitan area.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2020.08a
• /
• pp.101-101
• /
• 2020

Soybean is known as to have a several healthy ingredients. Among them, isoflavones are effective in reducing obesity, menopausal symptom. Isoflavones consist of 12 isomers, including Aglycon, Glucoside, Malonyl glucoside, Acetyl glucoside, and are usually found in soybean seeds. The content is determined by the sum of 12 isomers, and the content value difference between the varieties is huge. In this study, we investigated the agronomic traits, 12 isomer of isoflavone content and composition for 49 soybean germplasms. This germplasms were selected from the 23,000 germplasms with the highest total content of isoflavones possessed by the National Agrobiodiversity Center. Seed samples were cultivated in experimental field located in Jeonju City on April 04, 2019. Matured seeds were harvested and portions of each seed samples were oven-dried, pulverized, and analyzed for their isoflavone compositions using HPLC-DAD. The soybean samples showed distinction in their agronomic traits, isoflavone compositions and contents. The days to flowering ranged between 38 and 69 days while the days to maturity ranged between 103 and 156 days. The seed coat color of soybean germplasms was 24 in black, 10 in yellow, 2 in green, 5 in yellowish green, 4 in green with black spot, 4 in pale yellow. The germplasm with the highest total content of isoflavones was the IT178054(1257.61±7.98 ㎍/g), but the germplasms containing the largest number of isoflavone isomers were IT274592, IT275005, both germplasms had 11 isoflavone isomers excluding Malonyl glycitin. The largest source of Aglycon, the most easily absorbed isoflavone form in the human body, was IT274592(DZ: 8.83±0.30 ㎍/g, GL: 11.14±0.81 ㎍/g, GE: 8.16±0.26 ㎍/g), while only IT274592, IT275005, IT308619 contained all three components of Aglycon. In Principal Component Analysis(PCA), the first two principal components showed more than 3.5 Eigen value and accounted for 58.2% of variability. The total content value had strong relationship with Malonyl genistin content value. Acetyl isomers had strong relationship, but Malonyl isomers were only related to isomers except Malonyl glycitin. These results will help in research on soybean varieties to enhance isoflavone ingredients.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.603-614
• /
• 2023

Body shape is the most influential factor in determining the quality of clothing fit. Women's body shape begins to change significantly in their mid-30s; therefore, this study aimed to classify and analyze the torso shapes of women aged 35-54 years. This study selected 200 3D body scans of women from the 8th Size Korea Survey database (2021). Using the Grasshopper algorithm developed in a previous study, 17 landmarks were automatically detected and 57 measurement values were generated. Using principal component analysis, 11 components (overall body size, upper body length, back protrusion, upper body slope, neck position, neck inclination, hip length, bust prominence, abdominal prominence, shoulder slope, and buttock prominence) were extracted. Three torso types were identified using K-means cluster analysis. The three body types were significantly different on nine component scores. Among the three torso types, Type 1 (37.5%) has the longest upper body and the flattest back and hips. Type 2 (31.0%) has the most curved back and forward upper body. Its abdomen is the flattest, and its shoulders are the most sloped. Type 3 (31.5%) has the shortest upper body, the most protruding hips, and the largest overall body size. This paper proposes two discriminant functions for identifying a new person's torso type.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.38 no.4 s.173
• /
• pp.435-450
• /
• 2005

The purpose of the study is to analyze the hydrogeochemical characteristics by multivariate statistical method, to interpret the hydrogeochemical processes for the new variables calculated from principal components analysis (PCA), and to infer the groundwater flow and circulation mechanism by applying the geostatistical methods for each element and principal component. Chloride and nitrate are the most influencing components for groundwater quality, and the contents of $NO_3$ increased by the input of agricultural activities show the largest variation. The results of PCA, a multivariate statistical method, show that the first three principal components explain $73.9\%$ of the total variance. PC1 indicates the increase of dissolved ions, PC2 is related with the dissolution of carbonate minerals and nitrate contamination, and PC3 shows the effect of cation exchange process and silicate mineral dissolution. From the results of experimental semivariogram, the components of groundwater are divided into two groups: one group includes electrical conductivity (EC), Cl, Na, and $NO_3$, and the other includes $HCO_3,\;SiO_2,$ Ca, and Sr. The results for spatial distribution of groundwater components showed that EC, Cl, and Na increased with approaching the coastal line and nitrate has close relationship with the presence of agricultural land. These components are also correlated with the topographic features reflecting the groundwater recharge effect. The kriging analysis by using principal components shows that PC 1 has the different spatial distribution of Cl, Na, and EC, possibly due to the influence of pH, Ca, Sr, and $HCO_3$ for PC1. It was considered that the linear anomaly zone of PC2 in western area was caused by the dissolution of carbonate mineral. Consequently, the application of multivariate and geostatistical methods for groundwater in the study area is very useful for determining the quantitative analysis of water quality data and the characteristics of spatial distribution.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.38 no.6
• /
• pp.513-523
• /
• 1993

Varietal difference in structural and physical characteristics of rice starch and interrelationships between these starch properties and the physicochemical components of rice grains were investigated for twenty four rice varieties, which were considerably different in amylose content, gelatinization temperature and gel consistency, to obtain the basic informations for diversifying the utility of rice grains and for developing various rice cultivars adaptable to rice food processing. Wave length of maximum absorbance for blue color reaction of starch-I$_2$ complex was 520nm for glutinous rice and 560～600nm for nonglutinous rice. The higher amylose rice showed the longer wave length but there was considerable difference of the wave length among rice materials with similar amylose content. Varietal difference in frequency distribution of debranched starch molecules by isoamylase hydrolysis was largest in amylose fraction, the longest fraction(Fr. I), and was next bigger in intermediate fraction(Int.Fr.) and the ratio between short and long glucose chain of amylopectin fraction(Fr. III /Fr. II). The Fr. III / Fr II ratio was higher in glutinous rice than in nonglutinous one but it was considerably different among nonglutinous rice varieties without any connection with amylose content. The lower alkali digestible rice showed the longer half-hydrolysis time in acid solution. Both soft and hard gel rice varieties in gel consistency test revealed significant varietal difference of 50% acid hydrolysis time. The harder rice in gel consistency exhibited the less frequency of short branch fraction of amylopectin (Fr. III) and the higher amylose content. Twenty four rice varieties were cleary classified by upper two principal components contracted from structural or physical traits of rice starch and some physicochemical properties of rice grain by principal component analysis. The 1st and 2nd principal components can be characterized to components related with amylose and amylopectin structure respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.735-749
• /
• 2018

In this study, one studied the principal factors and water-quality components that determine the concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in seawater in estuaries, such as the Han, Geum, Youngsan, Seomjin, and Nakdong rivers in Korea. The principal factors determining the concentration of COD in seawater indicated by the principal component analysis were salinity, exogenous origin and autochthonous resources based on chlorophyll-a. Moreover, organic matter in the submarine sediment layer also had a secondary effect. Regression slope assessed the contribution of water-quality components to determine the concentration of COD in the estuary. One found that the effect of salinity on the overall survey was significant. Moreover, the effect of chlorophyll-a was also appeared in April and August. In each estuary, the most significant contribution factor was chlorophyll-a in the Nakdong River and salinity in the Han and Yongsan rivers. The contribution of salinity and chlorophyll-a were found to be the largest in the Geum River. The salinity and chlorophyll-a in the Seomjin River showed a low contribution.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.297-306
• /
• 2023

Saemangeum Lake is the largest artificial lake in Korea. The continuous deterioration of lake water quality necessitates the introduction of novel water quality management strategies. Therefore, this study aims to identify the spatiotemporal water quality characteristics of Saemangeum Lake using data from the National Water Quality Measurement Network and provide basic information for water quality management. In the water quality parameters of Saemangeum Lake, water temperature and total phosphorous content were correlated, and salt, total nitrogen content, pH, and chemical oxygen demand were significantly correlated. Other parameters showed a low correlation. The spatial principal component analysis of Saemangeum Lake showed the characteristics of its four zones. The mid-to-downstream section of the river affected by freshwater inflow showed a high nutrient salt concentration, and the deep-water section of the drainage gate and the lake affected by seawater showed a high salt concentration. Two types of water qualities were observed in the intermediate water area where river water and outer sea water were mixed: waters with relatively low salt and high chemical oxygen demand, and waters with relatively low salt and high pH concentration. In the principal component analysis by time, the water quality was divided into four groups based on the observation month. Group I occurred during May and June in late spring and early summer, Group II was in early spring (March-April) and late autumn (November-December), Group III was in winter (January-February), and Group IV was in summer (July-October) during high temperatures. The water quality characteristics of Saemangeum Lake were found to be affected by the inflow of the upper Mangyeong and Dongjin rivers, and the seawater through the Garuk and Shinshi gates installed in the Saemangeum Embankment. In order to achieve the target water quality of Saemangeum Lake, it is necessary to establish water quality management measures for Saemangeum Lake along with pollution source management measures in the upper basin.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.445-452
• /
• 2004

Genetic diversity of sub-Saharan African goats was assessed using 19 microsatellite markers. Breeds were sampled from eastern Africa (Maasai, Kigezi, Mubende, North West Highland, Arsi-Bale), southern Africa (Ndebele, Pafuri) and West Africa (West African Dwarf, Maure, Djallonke). European breeds (Grisons Striped, Toggenburg), Asian breeds (Mongolian Cashmere, Bandipur) and a Middle East breed (Arab) were also included. The mean number of alleles per locus and average gene diversity ranged from 5.26$\pm$0.464 (Djallonke) to 7.05$\pm$0.516 (Mubende) and from 0.542$\pm$0.036 (Pafuri) to 0.672$\pm$0.031 (Ndebele), respectively. The between breeds variation evaluated using $$G_{ST}$$ and $\theta$ were found to account for 14.6% ($\theta$) and 15.7% ($$G_{ST}$$) of the total genetic variation. The $D_{A}$ measure of genetic distance between pairs of breeds indicated that the largest genetic distance was between Pafuri and Djallonke while the lowest genetic distance was between Arsi-Bale and North West Highland. A neighbour-joining tree of breed relationships revealed that the breeds were grouped according to their geographic origins. Principal component analysis supported the grouping of the breeds according to their geographic origins. It was concluded that the relationships of sub-Saharan African goat breeds were according to their geographical locations implying that the goats of eastern Africa, West Africa and southern Africa are genetically distinct. Within each sub-region, goat populations could be differentiated according to morphological characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.271-276
• /
• 2008

In this study, volatile compounds were isolated from traditional and commercial fermented soybean pastes according to different heating temperatures (room temperature, $50^{\circ}C$, $100^{\circ}C$) using headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The compounds were then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 51 volatile components, including 18 esters, 3 alcohols, 6 acids, 8 pyrazines, 5 volatile phenols, 6 aldehydes, and 5 miscellaneous compounds, were identified. Esters and acids such as ethyl hexadecanoate, acetic acid, and 2/3-methyl butanoic acid were the largest groups among the quantified volatiles. By applying principal component analyses to the GCMS data sets, differences were observed in the volatile components of the soybean pastes as to the different heating temperatures. A large variation was shown between the volatile components of the traditional and commercial soybean pastes by increasing the heating temperature. Commercial samples had significantly higher levels of longer chain ethyl esters, aldehydes, and thermal degradation products such as maltol and 2-acetyl pyrrole, while traditional samples showed higher concentrations of acids and pyrazines.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.171-180
• /
• 2023

Spring black stem and leaf spot, caused by Phoma medicaginis, is an issue in annual Medicago species. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the response to P. medicaginis infection in a collection of 46 lines of three annual Medicago species (M. truncatula, M. ciliaris, and M. polymorpha) showing different geographic distribution in Tunisia. The reaction in the host to the disease is explained by the effects based on plant species, lines nested within species, treatment, the interaction of species × treatment, and the interaction of lines nested within species × treatment. Medicago ciliaris was the least affected for aerial growth under infection. Furthermore, the largest variation within species was found for M. truncatula under both conditions. Principal component analysis and hierarchical classification showed that M. ciliaris lines formed a separate group under control treatment and P. medicaginis infection and they are the most vigorous in growth. These results indicate that M. ciliaris is the least susceptible in response to P. medicaginis infection among the three Medicago species investigated here, which can be used as a good candidate in crop rotation to reduce disease pressure in the field and as a source of P. medicaginis resistance for the improvement of forage legumes.