• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.261-270
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• 1990

The gastrointestinal endocrine cells of the Korean native goat were studied immunohistochemically, and 5-HT-, somatostatin-, Gas/CCK-, glucagon-, chromogranin- and PP- immunoreactive cells were revealed. The characteristic findings of the regional distribution and relative frequency of these immunoreactive cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the Korean native goat were as follows. 5-HT-immunoreactive cells were more numerous in the small and large intestine than in the abdomen stomach. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cell were more numerous in the abdomen stomach than in the small and large intestine. Gas/CCK-immunoreactive cells were concentrated very numerously in the pyloric region with a few in the other regions. Moderate numbers of glucagon-immunoreactive cells were found in the small and large intestine, but a few of them were found in the abdomen stomach. Very numerous chromogranin-immunoreactive cells were detected throughout the gastrointestinal tract. PP-immunoreactive cells were observed moderate numbers in the large intestine with few in the ileum. No insulin-immunoreactive cell was found in the gastrointestinal tract.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.149-154
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• 2012

It is known that lactic-acid bacteria (LAB) helps keeping the intestine healthy and to enhance its immunologic competence. In addition, it is known to control the composition of the enterobacteria and the intestinal inflammatory reaction by inducing immunological enhancement. This study was performed, in a mouse model, to test the treatment and preventive effects of LAB of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which was induced by a blend of LAB-administering trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). To obtain the animal model of IBD, 2% TNBS was rectally administered once to a five-week-old male Balbc/J mouse. A probiotic combination was administered to the prevention group five times a week for eight weeks before the inducement of enteritis, and the mixture was administered to the treatment group five times a week, after the administration of TNBS. The changes in the levels of the cytokines of the lymph nodes and the tissue of the large intestine were observed, both with the naked eye and with a microscope. The observation showed that the levels of inflammatory cells, infiltration, and necrosis were much lower in the LAB-administered groups than in that of the control group. In addition, the inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-17A) decreased in the lymph nodes and the tissues of the large intestine. The results indicated that the administration of the combination to the animal model suppressed the inflammatory cytokines in the large intestine and in the lymph nodes, which in turn suppressed the progression of colitis.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.597-603
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• 1993

The purpose of this stady was to investigate division cells by in vivo bromodeoxyuridine(Brdur) immunohistochemistry for labeling the proliferative epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats. Rats were administrated intraperitonially by twice consecutive injections of 24 hr interval with Brdur(0.05mg/g BW/time) and then were sacrificied at 1 hour after last injection. The specimens were taken from the stomach, small intestine(ileum), and large intestine(colon). The well-oriented crypts and villi in the preparations were examined, The crypt columns and villi were devided into 10 segments from crypt base to surface of the lumen or to villis top. Labeling index(LI) was measured by counting the number of Brdur-positive cells against the total number of crypt column cells in the stomach and large intestine and also against the total numbers of crypt column and it's villi epiterial cells in the small intestine. 1. In the stomach, the LI in each part from segment 1 to segment 10 of the crypt column were 4.2%, 5.0%. 6.6%, 9.0%, 11.3%, 15.3%, 9.3%, 15.6%, 11.3%, 0%, respectively and it's mean LI were 8.7%. The Brdur-positive epithelial cells were predominantly located in the middle regions and middle-upper regions of the crypt columns. 2. In the small intestine, the LI in each part from segment 1 to segment 10 of were 62.4%, 50.9%, 27.8%, 22.5%, 18.6%, 12.1%, 7.5%, 4.3%, 2.5%, 1.4%, respectively and it's mean LI were 21.0%. The Brdur-positive epithelial cells were predominantly located in the lower regions of the crypt columns and tended to be less in the higher regions of the villi than that in the crypt column. 3. In the large intestine, the LI in each part from segment 1 to segment 10 of the crypt column were 19.4%, 29.9%, 34.1%, 41.6%, 41.2%, 32.4%, 25.4%, 15.4%, 10.8%, 1.2%, respectively and it's mean LI were 25.1%, The Brdur-positive epithelial cells were predominantly in the middle and middle-lower regions of the crypt columns. 4. The organs with higher LI were ordered as the large intestine(25.1%), small intestine(21.0%) and stomach(8.7%).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1295-1303
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• 2013

According to facts revealed up until the present, there are a total of 68 known phyla on earth, including 55 phyla of bacteria and 13 phyla of archaea. The human large intestine has 9 phyla of microorganisms, which is a relatively lower diversity compared to the general environments of soil or sea. The diversity of intestinal microorganisms is affected by the characteristics of the host (genetic background, sex, age, immune system, and gut motility), the diet (non-digestible carbohydrates, fat, prebiotics, probiotics), and the intake of antibiotics, which in turn have an effect on energy storage processes, gene expressions, and even metabolic diseases like obesity. Probiotics are referred to as living microorganisms that improve the intestinal microbiota and contribute to the health of the host; in addition, probiotics usually comprise lactic acid bacteria. Recently, bacteriotherapy using probiotics has been utilized to treat sicknesses like diarrhea and irritable bowel syndrome. Prebiotics are a food ingredient which can selectively adjust intestinal microorganisms and which comprise inulin, fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, and lactulose. In recent days, attention has been paid to the use of dietary cellulose in the large intestine and the production of short chain fatty acids (short-chain fatty acids) in relation to obesity and anticancer. More research into microorganisms in the large intestine is necessary to identify specific microorganism species, which are adjusted by diverse non-digestible carbohydrates, prebiotics, and probiotics in the large intestine and to understand the connection between sicknesses and metabolites like short chain fatty acids produced by these microorganism species.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1992

The turnover time of the mucosal epithelium in the small intestine(jejunum and ilium) and large interstine(cecum), and the cells in the lamina propria of the small intestine was investigated with the radioautography in mice at various times after single injection of $^3H$-thymidine. Twenty suckling mice were sacrified at each of the following time intervals after injection ; 2 hrs, 1, 3, 5. 7, 14 and 17 days. 1. The labeled index of the epithelial cells in the crypt and the villus of the small intestine averaged 98.7% and 1.3% at 2 hrs, 982% and 1.8% at 1 day, 18.7% and 81.3% at 3 days, 6.3% and 93.7% at 5 days, respectively. The labeled index of the epithelial cells of the crypt-base, the upper-crypt and the mucosal surface in the large intestine averaged 71.8%, 28.2% and 0% at 2 hrs, 45%. 54.2% and 0% at 1 day, 17.2%, 54.5% and 28.2% at 3 days, 10.2%, 32.4% and 57.4% at 5 days, respectively. This result suggested that the turnover time of all the epithelial cells migrating from crypts to villi in the direction of the villus tips was calculated to be less than 5 days, and also the longest turnover time was calculated to be no longer than 7 day. 2. The labeled index of the total cells in the lamina propria of the small intestine averaged 6.2-7% at 2 hrs to 5 days, 4.7% at 7 days 2.6% at 17 days and this index is tend to be decreased moderately at 7 days and severely at 17 days. So this result suggested that the turnover time of the cells with the shorter cycle duration in the lamina propria of the small intestine were less than 5 days and that of the cells with the longer cycle duration more than 17 days.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.309-314
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• 1975

In survey for internal parasites of 395 heads of swine by fecal examination at ict, incidences of each parasite were obtained as follows: Giardia lamblia 1.0% Entamoehaspp. 55.4 Eimeria& Isospora spp. 22.5 Balantidium coli 66.6 Metastrongylus elongatus 17.6 Ascaris suum 25.6 Oesophagostomun dentatum 29.1 Hyostrongylus ryubidus 14.6 Trichuris suis 4.2 Strongyloides ransomi 7.2 Mecistocirrus digitatus 1.0 Check-list for the internal parasites of swine made by all the materials repor years from 1920 to 1975 in Korea is as follows: No. Parasites Habitat References 1. Ascaris lumbricoides small intestine Kawamura(1923) 2. Oesophagostomum dentatum large intestine Kawamura(1923) 3. Echinococcus veterinorum lung & liver Kawamura(1923) 4. Cysticercus cellulosae muscle Yunoba(1923) 5. Sarcooystis sp. muscle Arahayase(1927) 6. Entamoeba polecki intestine Kuwabara(1931) 7. Balantidium coli large intestine Huruyama(1931) 8. Metastrongylus elongatus lung Lee(1956) 9. Gongylonema pulckrum oesophagus Isshiki(1960) 10. Ascarops strongylina stomach Isshiki(1960) 11. Cysticercus tenuicollis peritoneum Isshiki(1960) 12. Cysticercus bovis? diaphragm Isshiki(1960) 13. Toxoplasma gondii interna organs Mun(1960) 14. Trichuris suis large intestine Lee et al.(1963) 15. Stephamirus dentatus feces Lee et al.(1963) 16. Spirometra mansonides fat layer of muscle Jang(1964) 17. Hyostrongylus rubidus stomach Kim et al.(1969) 18. Strongyloides ransomi feces Kim et al.(1969) 19. Eimeria perminuta feces Jang(1972) 20. E. debrieki feces Jang(1972) 21. E. polita feces Jang(1972) 22. E. scabra feces Jang(1972) 23. E. scrofae feces Jang(1972) 24. Isospora suis feces Jang(1972) 25. Entamoeba coli feces Jang(1975) 26. Mecistocirrus digitatus feces Jang(1975) 27. Giardia lamblia feces Jang(1975).

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.29-41
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• 2005

Objectives : Although previous anatomic, physiological and biophysics studies have examined the acupuncture meridian system, much remains unclear and controversial. This study was undertaken to examine electrical potential aspects of the meridian system. Electric potential was measured at the well and sea acupoints on the twelve acupuncture meridians (AM), on forty patients half with loin lesions, and pain of loin and lower extremities(LL) and half with shoulder lesions, and aching of shoulder and arm(SA). The object was to determine to what extent electric potential is an important risk factor between LL and SA. Methods : At the left and the right side with each of twenty LL and twenty SA patients, physiograph was used to measure electric potentials of AM ten sessions. T-test was used to compare the mean of electric potential between the two different pain groups and multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the risk of the 24 electric potentials measured. Results and Conclusions : In the LL, the only electric potential that was statistically significantly greater than SA was the bladder meridian on the left side. On the contrary, electric potentials in SA, which includes the large intestine, pericardium, triple burner, spleen, stomach, kidney and gallbladder meridians, were statistically larger than those of LL at the same side. On the right side, the five kinds of electric potentials(lung, large intestine, small intestine, pericardium and gallbladder meridian) of LL were statistically larger than those of SA. On the triple burner, stomach and kidney meridians electric potentials of SA were larger than those in LL. After adjusting for 24 electric potentials, pain risk factors, and different illness categories, multiple stepwise selection logistic regression modeling, resulted in the final selection of a total of 13 statistically significant electric potentials. These were 7 electric potentials at left side - small intestine, triple burner, spleen, stomach, bladder, liver and gallbladder meridian, and 6 at rght side - lung, large intestine, heart, pericardium, kidney and bladder meridian.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.163-170
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• 2020

Background: Gut microflora contributes to the nutritional metabolism of the host and to strengthen its immune system. However, if the intestinal barrier function of the living body is destroyed by radiation exposure, the intestinal bacteria harm the health of the host and cause sepsis. Therefore, this study aims to trace short-term radiation-induced changes in the mouse gut microflora-dominant bacterial genus, and analyze the degree of intestinal epithelial damage. Materials and Methods: Mice were irradiated with 0, 2, 4, 8 Gy X-rays, and the gut microflora and intestinal epithelial changes were analyzed 72 hours later. Five representative genera of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were analyzed in fecal samples, and the intestine was pathologically analyzed by Hematoxylin-Eosin and Alcian blue staining. In addition, DNA fragmentation was evaluated by the TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Results and Discussion: The small intestine showed shortened villi and reduced number of goblet cells upon 8 Gy irradiation. The large intestine epithelium showed no significant morphological changes, but the number of goblet cells were reduced in a radiation dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the small intestinal epithelium of 8 Gy-irradiated mice showed significant DNA damaged, whereas the large intestine epithelium was damaged in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, the large intestine epithelium showed less recovery potential upon radiation exposure than the small intestinal epithelium. Analysis of the intestinal flora revealed fluctuations in lactic acid bacteria excretion after irradiation regardless of the morphological changes of intestinal epithelium. Altogether, it became clear that radiation exposure could cause an immediate change of their excretion. Conclusion: This study revealed changes in the intestinal epithelium and intestinal microbiota that may pave the way for the identification of novel biomarkers of radiation-induced gastrointestinal disorders and develop new therapeutic strategies to treat patients with acute radiation syndrome.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.37-44
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• 2022

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Alisma canaliculatum Extract (ACE) on pacemaker potentials of small and large intestinal interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC) in mice. Methods : We used enzymatic digestions to dissociate the ICC in the small and large intestine in mice. The whole-cell patch-clamp method was used to record pacemaker potentials in ICC. Results : 1. The ICC generated the pacemaker potentials in small intestine in mice. ACE (0.1-1mg/ml) induced membrane depolarization and decreased frequency with concentration-dependent manners. 2. Pretreatment with a Ca²⁺ free solution, Na⁺ 5 mM solution or 2-APB, a nonselective cation channel blocker, stopped the small intestinal ICC pacemaker potentials. In the case of Ca²⁺-free solution, Na⁺ 5 mM solution or 2-APB, ACE had no effects on the membrane depolarizations in small intestinal ICC. 3. The ICC generated the pacemaker potentials in large intestine in mice. Membrane depolarization appears regularly in the small intestine, but irregularly in the large intestine. ACE induced membrane depolarization (0.1-1mg/ml) and increased frequency (0.1-0.5mg/ml). 4. Pretreatment with a Ca²⁺ free solution, Na⁺ 5 mM solution or 2-APB, stopped the large intestinal ICC pacemaker potentials. In the case of Ca²⁺-free solution, Na⁺ 5 mM solution or 2-APB, ACE depolarized the membrane depolarizations in large intestinal ICC. 5. In mice, intestinal transit rate (ITR) values were dose-dependently decreased by the intragastric administration of ACE. Conclusions : These results suggest that ACE can regulate the pacemaker activity of ICC and the reaction by ACE is different from the small and large intestinal ICC, and the control of the intestinal motion by ACE may be caused by many complex processes.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.173-177
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• 2004

This study is performed in order to clarify the histochemical structure, the distribution of mucous cell and goblet cell, and the histochemical properties of the mucosubstances in the middle region of intestinal mucosa and rectum of Raja kenojei. In the H&E stain, distribution of the mucous cells and acidophilic cells were a more compacted middle portion than other regions of intestine, but the former was more than the latter in the number of mucous cells to rectum. The mucosubstances were stained with aldehyde fuchsin pH 1.7-alcian blue(pH 2.5) stain and then compared to distribution of the mucosubstances used in image and microscope technology(IMT-Size5). The middle intestine of Raja kenojei was composed of mucous cells having only large amounts of mucosubstances in the distal region was much more than that of proximal region. It was two types of mucous cells to rectum, one type was the same as proximal intestine while the other had small amounts of weakly sulfated and large amounts of carboxylated mucins.