• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.65-77
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• 2020

Objectives: This study investigated the average number of drinkers in Korea, the number of high-risk drinkers, the average amount of alcohol consumed by high-risk drinkers, and the types of alcohol consumed according to the characteristics of the group of dependent drinkers. Methods: The results were obtained by analyzing the following data: The Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health; Country Profile 2014; WHO Country Profile 2014; Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014, Korean Statistical Information Service; National Tax Statistics-Liquor Tax; Gallup Drinking Frequency Survey 2015 Results: This study found that a large proportion of drinkers in Korea are already high-risk drinkers, and even among drinkers, alcohol consumption was highly biased. It was reported that 49.8% of men in the problem, abuse, and dependence groups accounted for 92.4% of total alcohol consumption among the male population. Notably, the 9.6% of men making up the dependent group consumed more than 30% of the alcohol ingested among males. Women had significant variations within groups that were considered high-risk and exhibited a large share of alcohol consumption in the problem (10.0% of the female population), abuse (1.8% of the female population), and dependence (1.5% of the female population) groups, constituting 72.8% of total alcohol consumption. The average amount of alcohol consumed by drinkers in Korea seems to have exceeded the level of intake by high-risk groups. Alcohol-dependent groups consumed 900.7 mL of soju, 405.2 mL of table wine, and 2,043.8 mL of beer, which is very similar to the consumption average of 2,031 mL of beer and 895.2 mL of soju in the drinking group. Conclusion: It has been shown that men's dependence on alcohol is serious, and it is possible to infer that alcohol consumption in some vulnerable groups is very high. As the average alcohol intake among alcohol-dependent groups and ordinary drinkers is very similar, it is highly likely that the drinker is an alcohol-dependent consumer in Korea.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.231-241
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• 1998

To assess biological indoor air quality in hospital, concentrations of viable airborne microbes were determined at intensive care unit(ICU), patient room (PR), outpatient waiting room(OPWR) in hospitals of large(1000 beds), middle(500 beds), small(100 beds) hospitals, respectively. Gram positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria, fungi were sampled using suctional sampling method by RCS sampler (Reuter centrifugal air sampler) and RCS GK-A agar plate. In gram positive bacteria groups, CNS(Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus), Micrococcus, Lactobacillus, S. aureus, Enterococcus, St. viridans identified. In gram negative bacteria groups, A. baumannii, Kl. peumoniae and E. coli were identified, and Penicillium was identified in fugi groups. Results of the study were as follows. 1. The highest concentrations of airborne microbes was $971CFU/m^3$ at 5:00 PM in small hospital patient room, and average concentrations of airborne microbes in large, middle and small hospitals were $282CFU/m^3$, $289CFU/m^3$ and $625CFU/m^3$, respectively. Average concentrations of airborne microbes in office(control) was $90CFU/m^3$. Thus, the small hospital showed the worst condition. 2. Representatives of 8 different genera were identified in 150 samples. The most frequently isolated organisms were Staphylococcus (73.0%), Micrococcus (20.7%) and Lactobacillus (4.7%), respectively. Pathogenic microbes isolated were A. baumannii, E. coli, Enterococcus, Kl. peumoniae, S. aureus, St. viridans and Penicillium as fungi. In office, no pathogenic microbes were identified. Average concentrations of airborne pathogenic microbes in large, middle and small hospital were $5CFU/m^3$ (2%), $11CFU/m^3$ (4%) and $12CFU/m^3$ (2%), respectively. Thus, condition in a large hospital was better than those in a middle and a small hospital.

• 정보관리연구
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.31-48
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• 2012

본 연구는 네트워크 연결망 분석 방법을 적용하여 대학도서관 직무간의 연결성을 분석하였다. 서울소재 32개 대학도서관 545명의 직무를 대상으로 빈도 및 네트워크 분석을 실시하였으며, 규모에 따라 2개 그룹으로 구분하여 2차 분석을 실시함으로써, 밀도 및 연결성의 차이를 파악하였다. 분석 결과는 다음과 같이 나타났다. 첫 번째, 다양한 직무를 가진 대규모 도서관이 소규모 도서관보다 낮은 밀도와 느슨한 연결성을 보였다. 두 번째, 소규모 도서관이 3개의 직군으로 클러스터를 형성한 반면, 대규모 도서관은 1개의 기술 업무 영역과 3개의 다양한 이용자 서비스 영역으로 클러스터를 형성하였다. 세 번째, "목록", "분류"와 같이 특정성이 높은 직무들이 대규모 도서관에서는 상대적으로 낮은 연결 중심성을 보인 반면, 소규모 도서관에서는 높은 연결 중심성을 보였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.73-78
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• 1984

Superplastic alloys generally exhibit a three-stage sigmoidal variation of stress (f) with strain rate (s), the stages being named region 1, 2 and 3 according to the increasing order of stress or strain rate. In the recent years, two different types of papers have been published on the plastic deformation of Zn-22% Al eutectoid in region Ⅰ differing in strain-rate sensitivity m (= dln f/dln s). In this paper, the data of the two groups have been analysed by applying Kim and Ree's theory of superplastic deformation. (1) We obtained the parametric values of $X_{gj}/{\alpha}_{gj}\;and\;{\beta)_{gj}$ (g: grain boundary, j = 1,2 indicating flow units) appearing in Kim and Ree's theory [Eq. (2a)]. (2) It was found that the value of $X_{g^2}/{\alpha}_{g^2}$ is small for the group data with small m, i.e., ${\alpha}_{g^2}$, which is proportional to the size of flow unit g2, is large whereas ${\alpha}_{g^2}$ is small for the groups data with large m, i.e., the size of the flow unit g2 is small. In other words, the two types of behavior occur by the size difference in the flow units. (3) From the ${\beta}_{gj}$ value, which is proportional to the relaxation time of flow unit gj, the ${\Delta}H_{gj}^{\neq}$ for the flow process was calculated, and found that ${\Delta}H_{g^2}^{\neq}$ is large for the group data with small m whereas it is small for the group data with large m. (4) The flow-unit growth was studied, but it was concluded that this effect is not so important for differentiating the two groups. (5) The difference in ${\alpha}_{g^2}$ and in the growth rate of flow units is caused by minute impurities, crystal faults, etc., introduced in the sample preparation.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.74-86
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• 1991

This study tried to clear the characteristics of height growth pattern depending on Peak Height Velocity age in early, average and late groups. And in it, height growth tendency of girl students in age 7 to 18 years old was compared and investigated in order to know influencing factors, menarcheal age relation. The samples were senior girl students at high school in Seoul. Longitudinal data and survey data were collected in August, 1990. The results could be summarized as follows: 1. On distance curve, the height growth line in early group tended to be the highest and in late group the lowest. On the other hand, on velocity curve late group showed the highest peak and early group showed the lowest peak. In late group, velocity curve was too steep. Of course, these early, average and late groups were classified by PHV age. 2. In these three groups, late group showed the most growth amount per year. However, on distance curve, early group showed higher line than late group. Perhaps this means that peak growth amount in late group might have an effect on mean. 3. Growth amount of adolescence spurt age in these three groups was 6.86cm at age 9(early group), 7.27cm at l1(average group) and 7.65cm at 13(late group). In early group, because. PHV age came too early, it was difficult to find exact adolescence spurt period. In early group, the adolescence spurt period is considered to come at about age 7 to 9. In average group, at 9 to 11 and at 12 to 13 in late group. Especially, spurt of late group was remarkable. 4. When the growth amount of PA, before PA and after PA was compared, growth amount of PA in all three groups was about 20%. In early group, growth amount of APV tended to be large and in late group, that of APV tended to be large and in late group, that of BPV was large. In average group, growth amount of BPV was larger than that of APV. 5. For the purpose of comparing total height growth amount of these groups at age 18, the height growth was assumed to be over. And then, the difference of three groups was studied but it's not significant. 6. Although the difference between height growth and family environment, dietary habits, exercise, disease history in these three groups was investigated, only the income was significant. The significance of all the other factors was not approved. 7. When menarcheal age was compared with PA, generally we know menarche appeared after 1∼2 years of PHV age. But in case of early group, the difference between PHV age and menarcheal age was 5.34 years. In average group, 2.45 years and 0.82 years in late group.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.217-228
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• 1995

The study was designed to investigate the effects of progesterone on the reproductive system. This investigation was performed by immunohistochemical methods using anti-bromodeoxyuridine-antibody following bromodeoxyuridine(Brdur) injection for labeling proliferating cells in the uterus and ovary of rats. Sixteen female rats(Wistar), weighing initially 300g, were randomly allotted into ovariectomized and unovariectomized large groups. These two large groups were subdivided into three subgroups of control, 3-day and 6-day groups, respectively. 3-days and 6-days group were injected with 1mg of progesterone/rat/day for 3 or 6 days, respectively. In gross findings, the uterus of ovariectomized groups markedly atrophied, and were not hypertrophied by progesterone injection for 3 days or 6 days and the uterus of unovariectomized groups also were not hypertrophied. Labeling index(LI, %) was measured by counting the number of Brdur-positive cells from 300 to 3,000 cells per layer in the uterus tissue. The average LI of the uterus in unovariectomized groups was higher than that of ovariectomized groups. The subgroups with higher LI in unovariectomized groups were ordered as 6-day group, 3-day group. So progesterone considerably effected to the proliferating of the cells in the uterus of unovariectomized groups. The layers with higher LI in the uterus wall were ordered as the functional zone of endometrium, epithelial layer of endometrium, basal zone of endometrium, myometrium and perimetrium. The cell types with higher LI in the uterus of unovariectomized groups were ordered as the surface epithelial cells, stromal cells, glandular epithelial cells and muscle cells. Growing follicles with proliferating cells from secondary and tertiary follicles in the ovary of unovariectomized groups appeared to be 37.66% in control group, 39.23% in 3-day groups, 39.47% in 6-day groups. Mature follicles in the ovary were more number in control group than those in 3-day groups but not appeared in 6-day groups. So progesterone not nearly effects to the number of the growing follicles but appeared to be related to suppression of the development and protrusion of the mid-tertiary and mature follicles on the ovary surface. The cell types with higher LI in the ovary of unovariectomized groups were respectively ordered as granulosa cells, theca interns cells in secondary follicles; theca interna cells, granulosa cells, theca externa cells in tertiary follicles; fibroblasts, theca in terns cells in atretic follicles; fibroblasts, luteal cells in corpus luteum.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.459-464
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• 2008

본 연구는 고칼슘멸치가 흰쥐의 칼슘대사에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 실험처리는 시유와 칼슘강화우유, 칼슘강화소재(탄산칼슘, 젖산칼슘) 및 고칼슘대멸 등 5처리군으로 하였고, 대멸분말의 칼슘함량을 고려하여 최종식이의 칼슘함량은 1%가 되도록 semi-purified diet(AINdiet)에 혼합한 식이를 5주 동안 급여하였다. 대퇴골의 길이는 대조군인 우유군(M)와 칼슘강화우유군(M2)이 실험군 중 통계적으로 유의하게 길었고(p<0.05), BMD, BMC 및 칼슘함량은 고칼슘멸치군(MA)이 실험군 중 가장 높았다. 체외(in vitro) 칼슘흡수율은 고칼슘대멸군이 7.30%로 가장 높았고, 생체내(in vivo) 칼슘흡수율은 실험군간 차이는 없었지만 고칼슘대멸군이 27.50%로 가장 높았다. 혈청 중 총 콜레스테롤과 HDL-콜레스테롤 농도는 대조군과 고칼슘대멸군간에 통계적인 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). Creatinine 농도는 대조군, 고칼슘대멸군 및 탄산칼슘군이 칼슘강화우유군에 비해 통계적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 칼슘과 osteocalcin 농도 및 ALP활성은 실험군간에 차이가 없었지만 고칼슘대멸군이 높았다. SGOT활성은 칼슘강화우유군에 비해 대조군, 고칼슘대멸군 및 탄산칼슘군이 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과에서 고칼슘대멸군은 칼슘강화소재와 칼슘강화우유에 비해 대퇴골의 BMD, BMC 및 칼슘함량을 증가시켰으며, 생체내외(in vivo, in vitro) 칼슘흡수율에서도 다른 처리군보다 높았다. 본 결과는 대멸을 활용한 고칼슘식품 개발에 유용한 평가 자료로 활용될 것으로 사료된다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.1-38
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• 2019

Given capital market imperfections, an entrepreneur can alleviate financial frictions by creating a pyramidal business group in which a parent firm offers its subsidiary firm internal finance. This endogenous creation of pyramidal business groups can beget asymmetric financial frictions between business-group firms and stand-alone firms. I build a model to show that these asymmetric financial frictions can have sizable effects on resource allocation. On one hand, the financial advantage of pyramidal business groups can foster productive firms by incorporating them as subsidiaries. On the other hand, the asymmetrically large amount of external capital controlled by pyramidal business groups can be expended by unproductive business-group firms and push up the equilibrium price of capital. The model suggests that with fine investor protection or low financial frictions, the benefits of pyramidal business groups can be dominated by their costs because the probability of fostering productive subsidiaries diminishes as the efficiency of external capital markets improves, while the prevalence of pyramidal business groups is not attenuated due to their continuing asymmetric financial advantage.

• 대한간호
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.69-84
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to identify caregivers of the elderly, the pattern of the caregivers' caring behaviors, and the cultural principles of patterns of caring behaviors practiced in a Korean minority community, Yanbian. To clarify these, an ethnographic approach was used. The fieldwork for this study was conducted from Aug. 24, 1993 to May 20, 1994. The informants were 16 natives, age 60 or more, who were members of a large family of three generations. The results of the study are as follows. The caregivers for the elderly were family, kinship and community groups. Family caregivers for the elderly were spouses, sons, daughters-in-law, grandchildren, sons of former wives, sons of former husbands, adopted sons. daughters and sons-in-law. The elderly had caregivers who were part of the kinship group. Three community groups provided care for the elderly. The three community groups were Dokbozo. a formal large organization for the elderly. the same age group as an informal small meeting for the elderly, and other community younger groups. The findings of this study indicated that family caregivers, especially spouses and sons, are the significant others of the elderly, and comminuty groups are better caring groups than kinship relatives. This study identified forty-three different kind of caring behaviors. They were divided into fifteen behavior patterns. These patterns integrated into five categories : soo-bal(¼?¹ß), protecting, respect, support, jung(?×). For physical comfort, soo-bal and protecting were conducted. For the comfort of mind, respect. support, and jung were conducted. The comfort of mind are better than physical comfort for the elderly. Cultural principles of caring behaviors were group membership, reciprocity, and harmony. But there was no hierarchy priciple. And these three principles provide best caring together at the same time. This study provides significant data for nursing research, theory and practice.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.154-159
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• 2005

동일연령군의 넙치 치어를 개체 크기별 4개의 group (small group, 체중 $1.3{\pm}0.23g;$ medium group, 체중 $3.1{\pm}0.45g;$ large group, 체중 $4.9{\pm}0.57g;$ ungraded group, 체중 $3.3{\pm}1.66g$)으로 나누어 8주동안 사육하면서 크기 선별이 어류의 성장, 사료효율 및 생존율에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 실험종료시 체중의 분포에 따른 소형 개체(체중 10 g)의 빈도는 크기 선별한 small group에 비해 ungraded group에서 매우 높게 나타났다. 실험 전기간동안의 일일성장률은 small group 및 large group에서 각각 최고치 및 최저치를 보였으며, medium group과 선별 group (small group; medium group; large group)의 pooled data는 ungraded group에 비해 높은 수치의 일일성장률을 나타내었다. (P<0.05). 사료섭취율은 ungraded group이 medium group 및 선별 group의 pooled data에 비해 높았던 반면, 사료효율에 있어서는 ungraded group이 이들에 비해 낮게 나타났다(P<0.05). 그리고 ungraded group의 생존율은 93.3%로 99.3% 이상으로 나타난 다른 실험구들에 비해 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다(P<0.05). 결론적으로 크기가 작은 넙치는 큰 넙치가 없는 곳에서 유의하게 빠른 성장과 높은 생존율을 나타내었다. 따라서 크기 선별은 넙치 치어(체중 1-5 g)의 성장과 생존율을 향상시키기 위해서 중요한 작업이 될 수 있다.