• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2011년도 제41회 하계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.119-119
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• 2011

This study examined the synthesis of large area graphene and the change of its characteristics depending on the ratio of CH4/H2 by using the thermal CVD methods and performed the experiments to control the electron-hole conduction and Dirac-point of graphene by using chemical doping methods. Firstly, with regard to the characteristics of the large area graphene depending on the ratio of CH4/H2, hydrophobic characteristics of the graphene changed to hydrophilic characteristics as the ratio of CH4/H2 reduces. The angle of contact also increased to 78$^{\circ}$ from 58$^{\circ}$. According to the results of Raman spectroscopy showing the degree of defect, the ratio of I(D)/I(G) increases to 0.42% from 0.25% and the surface resistance also increased to 950 ${\Omega}$ from 750 ${\Omega}$/sq. As for the graphene synthesis at the high temperature of 1,000$^{\circ}$ by using CH4/H2 in a Cu-Foil, the possibility of graphene formation was determined as a function of the ratio of H2 included in the fixed quantity of CH4 as per specifications of every equipment. It was observed that the excessive amount of H2 prevented graphene from forming, as extra H-atoms and molecules activated the reaction to C-bond of graphene. Secondly, in the experiment for the electron-hole conduction and the Dirac-point of graphene using the chemical doping method, the shift of Dirac-point and the change in the electron-hole conduction were observed for both the N-type (PEI) and the P-type (Diazonium) dopings. The ID-VG results show that, for the N-type (PEI) doped graphene, Dirac-point shifted to the left (-voltage direction) by 90V at an hour and by 130 V at 2 hours respectively, compared to the pristine graphene. Carrier mobility was also reduced by 1,600 cm2/Vs (1 hour) and 1,100 cm2/Vs (2 hours), compared to the maximum hole mobility of the pristine graphene.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2012

프로세서는 더 이상 동작 주파수를 높이는 방법이 아닌 다수의 프로세서를 집적하는 멀티프로세서로 기술 발전이 이루어지고 있다. 최근 2, 4, 8개의 프로세서 코어를 넘어 64, 128개 이상의 프로세서를 집적한 대규모 데이터 처리용 고성능 프로세서들이 개발되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 기타의 음 합성을 위한 최적의 매니코어 프로세서 구조를 제안한다. 기존의 연구에서는 하나의 기타 현에 하나의 프로세싱 엘리먼트(processing element, PE)를 할당하여 음을 합성하였으나, 본 논문은 하나의 기타 현에 여러 개의 PE를 할당하고 각각의 경우에 대해 시스템 성능, 시스템 면적 효율 및 에너지 효율을 평가하였다. 샘플링율이 44.1kHz, 양자화 비트 16인 기타 음을 사용하여 모의 실험한 결과, 시스템 면적 효율은 PE 수가 24개, 에너지 효율은 PE 수가 96개일 때 각각 최적의 효율을 보였다. 또한, 최적의 매니코어 프로세서를 이용하여 합성한 결과 합성음은 원음과 스펙트럼에서 매우 유사하였다. 더불어, 음 합성에 가장 많이 사용되는 TI TMS320C6416보다 시스템 면적에서 1,235배, 에너지 효율에서 22배의 향상을 보였다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2016년도 제50회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.360.1-360.1
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• 2016

Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HAP) particles have attracted a great deal of attention in biomedical fields due to their good biocompatibility, bioactivity and fairly broad applications as drug delivery, dental implant, bone cement, and etc. Thus, many researchers have made an effort to add new functionalities such as luminescence, drug delivery, and bone regeneration properties up to HAP powders by controlling their nanostructure as well as composition. In this research, the mesoporous strontium substituted HAP (Sr-HAP) microspheres were synthesized using a hydrothermal method. In this synthesis, aspartic acid monomers were utilized to form microsphere by controlling surface energy of HAP particles and Sr ions were substituted into Ca ion sites, which induced luminescence property in HAP powders. Moreover, the change in the amount of Sr substitution was found to influence the particle size, morphology, and concurrently surface area, which led to changing drug loading as well as drug release property. The amount of Sr influences the morphology, luminescent properties, particle size, surface area cell viability and drug loading property, which are investigated by SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR, BET, XPS and in vitro test such as MTT assay and drug release test. In particular, the multifunctional Sr-HAP with molar ratios of 0.25 (Sr/(Ca+Sr)) possessed the strongest luminescent property as well as the superior drug loading and sustained release properties that were correspondent with large surface area and pore size. Our study indicates that the fabricated multifunctional Sr-HAP microspheres are quite useful for bone regeneration and drug delivery.

• 청정기술
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.147-154
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• 2022

Titanate nanotubes (TNTs) were synthesized via alkaline hydrothermal treatment using commercial TiO₂ nanoparticles (P25). The TNTs were prepared at various TiO₂/NaOH ratios, hydrothermal temperatures, and hydrothermal times. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms, field-emission transmission electron microscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. TNTs were generated upon a decrease in the TiO₂/NaOH ratio due to the dissolution of TiO₂ in the alkaline solution and the generation of new Ti-O-Ti bonds to form titanate nanoplates and nanotubes. The hydrothermal treatment temperature and time were important factors for promoting the nucleation and growth of TNTs. The TNT catalyst with the largest surface area (389.32 m² g^-1) was obtained with a TiO₂/NaOH ratio of 0.25, a hydrothermal treatment temperature of 130 ℃, and a hydrothermal treatment time of 36 h. Additionally, we investigated the photocatalytic activity of methyl violet 2B (MV) over the TNT catalysts under UV irradiation and found that the degradation efficiencies of the TNTs were higher than that of P25. Among the TNT catalysts, the TNT catalyst that was hydrothermally synthesized for 36 h (TNT 36 h) exhibited a 96.9% degradation efficiency and a degradation rate constant that was 4.8 times higher than P25 due to its large surface area, which allowed for more contact between the MV molecules and TNT surfaces and facilitated rapid electron transfer. Finally, these results were correlated with the specific surface area.

• Carbon letters
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• 제22권
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• pp.1-13
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• 2017

Porous materials play a vital role in science and technology. The ability to control their pore structures at the atomic, molecular, and nanometer scales enable interactions with atoms, ions and molecules to occur throughout the bulk of the material, for practical applications. Three-dimensional (3D) porous carbon-based materials (e.g., graphene aerogels/hydrogels, sponges and foams) made of graphene or graphene oxide-based networks have attracted considerable attention because they offer low density, high porosity, large surface area, excellent electrical conductivity and stable mechanical properties. Water pollution and associated environmental issues have become a hot topic in recent years. Rapid industrialization has led to a massive increase in the amount of wastewater that industries discharge into the environment. Water pollution is caused by oil spills, heavy metals, dyes, and organic compounds released by industry, as well as via unpredictable accidents. In addition, water pollution is also caused by radionuclides released by nuclear disasters or leakage. This review presents an overview of the state-of-the-art synthesis methodologies of 3D porous graphene materials and highlights their synthesis for environmental applications. The various synthetic methods used to prepare these 3D materials are discussed, particularly template-free self-assembly methods, and template-directed methods. Some key results are summarized, where 3D graphene materials have been used for the adsorption of dyes, heavy metals, and radioactive materials from polluted environments.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.190-195
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• 2002

NaX seed결정(10~20 $\mu$m)을 $3.5Na_2$O : $Al_2O $: $2.1SiO_2$ : $1000H_2$O 용액에 0.5~2.0g 첨가한 후 연속결정화법으로 50 $\mu$m의 균일한 결정을 성장시켰다. 연속결정화법에 의한 결정성장을 시험하기 위하여, 모액을 7일, 5일, 3일, 2일과 1일 간격으로 공급하였다. Seed 첨가의 결과는 첨가하지 않은 용액과 비교하여 보다 균일하고 큰 결정들을 얻었다. 합성용액에 seed의 첨가는 반응물과 물리적인 접촉 면적을 초래하여 합성 겔의 핵성장 없이 seed 결정의 결정성장을 확인할 수 있다.

• 공업화학
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.481-485
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• 1998

마이크로파 열원을 이용하여 황산 용액에서 카올린을 가열 반응시켜 무기고분자인 수화 황산 알루미늄을 합성하였다. 하소된 카올린으로부터 알루미나의 최대 추출율은 재래식 열공정 ($80^{\circ}C$, 1 M 및 240분)에서 72.8%이었고, 마이크로파 공정 ($90^{\circ}C$, 1 M 및 60분)에서 99.9%이었다. 재래식 열공정에서와는 달리 마이크로파 공정에서 추출 합성된 수화 황산 알루미늄 시료는 빠른 결정립 성장에 의해 거대 크기의 판상으로 이루어진 층상구조로 존재하였다. 마이크로파와 재래식 열공정에서 합성하여, $1100^{\circ}C$에서 하소된 시료들을 모두 구형으로 응집된 분말상의 ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$ 존재하였고, 이 시료들의 비표면적은 각각 113.5와 $106.6m^2/g$이었고, 입자의 평균 입경은 각각 46.5와 $26.3{\mu}m$이었다.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.5-13
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• 2014

This paper introduces emergy(spelled with "m") that is a new environmental indicator in architecture, aiming to clarify conflicting claims of building design components in the process of energy-retrofit. Much of design practitioners' attention on low energy use in operational phases, may simply shift the lowered environmental impact within the building boundary to large consumption of energy in another area. Specifically, building energy reduction strategies without a holistic view starting from natural formation, may lead to the depletion of non-renewable geobiological sources (e.g. minerals, fossil fuels, etc.), which leaves a building with an isolated energy-efficient object. Therefore, to overcome the narrow outlook, this research discusses the total ecological impact of a building which embraces all process energy as well as environmental cost represented by emergy. A case study has been conducted to explore emergy-driven design work. In comparison with operational energy-driven scenarios, the results elucidate how energy and emergy-oriented decision-making bring about different design results, and quantify building components' emergy contribution in the end. An average-size ($101.9m^2$) single family house located in South Korea was sampled as a benchmark case, and the analysis of energy and material use was conducted for establishment of the baseline. Adoption of the small building is effective for the goal of study since this research intends to measure environmental impact according to variation of passive design elements (windows size, building orientation, wall materials) with new metric (emergy) regardless of mechanical systems. Performance simulations of operational energy were developed and analyzed separately from the calculation of emergy magnitudes in building construction, and then the total emergy demand of each proposed design was evaluated. Emergy synthesis results verify that the least operational energy scenario requires greater investment in indirect energy in construction, which clearly reveals that efficiency gains are likely to be overwhelmed by increment of material flows. This result places importance on consideration of indirect energy use underscoring necessity of emergy evaluation towards the environment-friendly building in broader sense.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.171-185
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• 2000

Siliceous mudstones are embedded on a large scale in the Tertiary formations of Pohang area. Some useful zeolites such as NsP, (Na, TMA)P, analcime and hydroxysodalite were synthesized from the siliceous mudstones by treating with the variety of solution, i.e ., NaOH, NaOH+NaCl, NaOH, NaOH+$NaAlO_2$and NaOH+TMAOH at the low-temperature hydrothermal system ranging 60~12$0^{\circ}C$. Major precursor of zeolites is found as opal-CT in the zeolite-forming reaction. Smectite, which is included in considerable amounts in the mudstone, appears to play a major role of Al-source in the zeolite synthesis. In comparison, chalcedonic quartz and mica are rather insoluble in alkaline solution, and thus, these are observed as major impurities in the reaction products. An addition of $NaAlO_2$to NaOH solution is effective for eliminating these impurities in the reaction procedure, through these are partly dissolved when elevating the reaction temperature, concentration, and time. Phase change from NaP to hydroxysodalite takes place at the NaOH concentrations of 3.0~4.0 M, and the reaction is not sensitive to the temperature shift. NaP is more stable at lower NaOH concentration and higher activity of $Na_{+}$ whereas analcime is sensitive to the temperature change and stable at higher than $100^{\circ}C$ and 2.0~4.0 M in NaOH concentration. For the pure NaP synthesis without any other products, the treatment of mudstones with 1:1 solution of NaOH and $NaAlO _2$ turns out to be quite effective. NaP was successfully synthesized together with analcime at $100^{\circ}C$ as well as lower concentrations of NaOH+NaCl solution. In addition, the organic type, (Na, TMA)P was formed together with smectite in the 1:1 solution of NaOH and TMAOH.

• 공업화학
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.466-470
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• 2022

최근 촉매 소각 공정은 휘발성 유기 화합물을 저온(< 450 ℃)에서 고효율(> 95%)로 산화 및 분해하기 위해 상당한 주목을 받고 있다. 많은 귀금속 촉매 물질이 잘 연구되어 사용되고 있으나 단가가 비싸고 위험하다. 본연구에서는 Cu와 Mn 전구체의 공침법을 활용하여 간단하고 손쉬운 합성 방법을 개발함으로써 고활성 및 저비용의 Cu-Mn 바이메탈 촉매를 제조하였다. 촉매 합성은 Cu와 Mn의 조성비를 조절하여 최적화하였다. 최적화된 촉매는 메조포러스 구조로 230.8 m²/g의 넓은 표면적을 나타냈다. 촉매 성능을 입증하기 위해 에틸 아세테이트의 산화 반응에 대해 Cu-Mn 촉매를 테스트했으며, 250 ℃의 저온에서 100%의 높은 전환 효율을 나타내었다.