• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.1-18
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• 2005

This study is a preliminary investigation of the nature of discourse marker acquisition in Korean American speakers of English. Discourse markers are of interest because they are not an aspect of language taught through formal instruction either to native or non-native speakers. Therefore, discourse marker use serves as indirect evidence of face-to-face interaction with native speakers and an indicator of integration. In this light, the present study examines the presence of discourse markers in Korean Americans. The markers chosen for analysis were you know, like, and I mean. The data consist of spontaneous speech elicited from interviews. Sociolinguistic variables such as age, sex, and generation (i.e., $1^{st}$, 1.5, $2^{nd}$) were examined. Results show that there appears to be interaction between the variables and discourse marker use. While all speakers showed variable acquisition of markers, younger, female, and 1.5 generation speakers were found to use discourse markers more than other speakers. Although discourse marker use is optional and thus not a linguistic feature that must be necessarily acquired, it is clear that use is pervasive and acquired differentially by English speakers irrespective of whether they are native or not.

• Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2002

Phonologically, the difference between the English stops /b, d, g/ and /p, t, k/ is carried by the presence or the absence of the vocal fold vibration throughout their oral closure phase. If phonology has its foundation in phonetics, there must be phonetic evidence for the voiced-voiceless distinction. This study is aimed to determine whether or not the voiced-voiceless distinction is acceptable or proper in English. The determination was based mainly on findings in the existing literature and in informal experiments. In conclusion, there is no phonetic evidence for the voiced-voiceless distinction both in production and perception. The [voice] appears to be one of potential phonetic correlates of the phonologically voiced stop. It is improper to use the [voice] as independent phonological marker, regardless of position (word-initial, intervocalic, word-final). A feature other than the voiced-voiceless feature must distinguish /b, d, g/ from /p, t, k/.

• Language and Information
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.15-32
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• 2002

These analyses can be roughly classified into two groups: the first argue that the delimiter -to is polysemous so that it delivers either additive or concessive meaning; the second contend that it is monosemous and only conveys emphatic or concessive meaning. The current analysis mainly focuses on its two roles with regard to focus and its meaning. On the basis of the findings, a different analysis is proposed that it serves as an indicator of the presence of a type of focus which is hosted mainly by the expression it attaches to. Furthermore, it is solely responsible for the additive force, and the seemingly relevant emphatic or concessive import is derivable from an emphatic or concessive illocutionary operator which is associated with the focus indicated by -to.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.35-47
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• 2024

This study introduces CR-M-SpanBERT, a coreference resolution (CR) model that utilizes multiple embedding-based span bidirectional encoder representations from transformers, for antecedent recognition in natural language (NL) text. Information extraction studies aimed to extract knowledge from NL text autonomously and cost-effectively. However, the extracted information may not represent knowledge accurately owing to the presence of ambiguous entities. Therefore, we propose a CR model that identifies mentions referring to the same entity in NL text. In the case of CR, it is necessary to understand both the syntax and semantics of the NL text simultaneously. Therefore, multiple embeddings are generated for CR, which can include syntactic and semantic information for each word. We evaluate the effectiveness of CR-M-SpanBERT by comparing it to a model that uses SpanBERT as the language model in CR studies. The results demonstrate that our proposed deep neural network model achieves high-recognition accuracy for extracting antecedents from NL text. Additionally, it requires fewer epochs to achieve an average F1 accuracy greater than 75% compared with the conventional SpanBERT approach.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.32-52
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• 2024

This study investigates the effectiveness of virtual reality agents as foreign language instructors with focus on the impact of different native language backgrounds and instructional roles. The agents were first distinguished as native or non-native speakers treated as a between-subject factor, and then assigned roles as either teachers or salespersons considered within-subject factors. An immersive virtual environment was developed for this experiment, and a 2×2 mixed factorial design was carried out. In an experimental group of 72 university students, statistically significant interactions were found in learning satisfaction, memory, and recall between the native/non-native status of the agents and their roles. With regard to learning confidence and presence, however, no statistically significant differences were observed in both interaction effects and main effects. Contextual learning in a virtual environment was found to enhance learning effectiveness and satisfaction, with the nativeness and the role of agents influencing learners' memory; thus highlighting the effectiveness of using virtual reality agents in foreign language learning. This suggests that varied approaches can have positive cognitive and emotional impacts on learners, thereby providing valuable theoretical and empirical implications.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.368-368
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• 2022

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) has been widely used to simulate the long-term hydrological conditions of a catchment. Two output variables, outflow and sediment yield have been widely investigated in the field of water resources management, especially in determining the conditions of ungauged subbasins. The presence of missing data in weather input data can cause poor representation of the climate conditions in a catchment especially for large or mountainous catchments. Therefore, in this study, a custom module was developed and evaluated to determine the efficiency of utilizing basic spatial interpolation methods in the estimation of weather input data. The module has been written in Python language and can be considered as a pre-processing module prior to using the SWAT model. The results of this study suggests that the utilization of the proposed pre-processing module can improve the simulation results for both outflow and sediment yield in a catchment, even in the presence of missing data.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.21.1-21.6
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• 2019

Dependency parsing is often used as a component in many text analysis pipelines. However, performance, especially in specialized domains, suffers from the presence of complex terminology. Our hypothesis is that including named entity annotations can improve the speed and quality of dependency parses. As part of BLAH5, we built a web service delivering improved dependency parses by taking into account named entity annotations obtained by third party services. Our evaluation shows improved results and better speed.

• English & American cultural studies
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.251-285
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• 2014

Monsters cannot speak. They have been objectified and represented through a particular concept 'monstrosity' that renders the presence of monsters effectively simplified and nullified. In contemporary monster narratives, however, the site of monsters reveals that they could be the complex construction of society, culture, language and ideology. As going into the structure that concept is based on, therefore, meanings of monsters would be seen to be highly unstable. When symbolic language strives to match monsters with a unified concept, their meanings become only further deferred rather than valorized. This shows the language of monsters should disclose the self-contradiction inherent in 'monstrosity,' which has made others—namely beings we define as 'different' from ourselves in culture or physical appearance—embodied as abject and horrifying monsters. Unable to be understood, accepted, or called humans. I analyse Frankenstein and Dracula that firmly converge monstrous bodies into a symbolic meaning, demonstrating how this fusion causes problems in the multicultural society. I especially emphasize the undeniable affirmation of expurgated others we need to have empathetic relations with, because their difference, unfamiliarity, and slight divergences are likely to be defined as abnormalities. In the multicultural society, thus, we must learn to embrace diversity, while also having to recognize there are many others that have been thought of as monsters; ironically enabling us to think about an undeniable imperative of being responsive to other people. In this respect, the monstrous inhuman goes to the heart of the ethical undercurrent of multiculturalism, its resolute attempt to recognize and respect someone else's difference from me. A focus on empathetic relations with others, thus, can strengthen the process of creating social mechanisms that do justice to the competing claims of different cultural groups and individuals.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.851-870
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• 2010

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the distribution of /ju/ in British English, especially after the coronal sonorants /n, l, /r/. The sequence /ju/ is related with vowels such as /u/, /ʊ/, and /ʊ/, and has occasioned a variety of conflicting analyses or suggestions. One of those is in which context /j/ is deleted if we suppose that the underlying form is /ju/. The context differs according to the dialect we deal with. In British English, it is known that /j/ is deleted always after /r/, and usually after /l/ when it occurs in an unstressed word-medial syllable. To check this well-known fact I searched OED Online (the 2nd Edition, 1989) for those words which contain /n, l, r/ + /ju, jʊ, u, ʊ, (j)u, (j)ʊ/ in their pronunciations, using the search engine provided by OED Online. After removing some unnecessary words, I classified the collected words into several groups according to the preceding sonorant consonants, the positions, and the presence (or absence) of the stress, of the syllable where /ju/ occurs. The results are as follows: 1) the deletion of /j/ depends on the sonorant consonant which /ju/ follows, the position where it occurs, and the presence of the stress which /ju/ bears; 2) though the influence of the sonorant consonants is strong, the position and stress also have non-trivial effect on the deletion of /j/, that is, the word-initial syllable and the stressed syllable prefer the deletion of /j/, and word-medial and unstressed syllable usually retain /j/; 3) the stress and position factors play their own roles even in the context where the effect of /n, l, r/ is dominant.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• no.5
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• pp.259-272
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• 1999

The real nature of the west wind in Shelley's Ode to the West Wind is the divine providence which influences all things in this world- that is, whether they are on land, in the sky, or in the sea. The divine providence is the manifestation of something beyond the present and tangibel object. In the first stanza, the real nature of the west wind in this poem is the wild wind, the breath of Autumn's being, the unseen presence, the azure sister of the Spring, a Destroyer, a Preserver, the winged seed, a creator, a philosopher, a poet, Shelley, and the wild spirit moving everywhere. In the second stanza, the real nature of the west wind in this poem is cloud, the angel of rain and lightning, fierce Maenad, the approaching storm, the congregated might, the black rain, the fire, hail, solid atmosphere, the tremendous power of revolutionary change, and the power that influences all things in the sky. In the third stanza, the real nature of the west wind in this poem is the voice that makes the oozy woods which wear the sapless foliage of the Atlantic, and the power makes the blue Mediterranean wake from his summer dream. the fit medium of expression which Shelley's soul was seeking for, Shelley's passion, Shelley's partner, Shelley's co-worker, and a strong presence which influences in the sea. In the fourth stanza, the real nature of the west wind in this poem is the mightest presence, the power, the strength, the free presence, the uncontrollable, the wanderer over heaven, a vision, the tameless, the swift, the proud and the God who can save Shelley form the heavy weight of hours and lift Shelley as a wave a leaf, a cloud. In the fifth stanza, the real nature of the west wind in this poem is the mighty harmony, the fierce Spirit, Shelley's spirit, the impetuous spirit, incanation of this verse, spark, the trumpet of a prophecy, the Providence which can make the Winter depart and call Spring, and the prophet. To conclude, the real nature of the west wind in this poem is Shelley's accumulated insight that he visulize his impulse of revolutionary thought.