• Acta Via Serica
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.49-64
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• 2017

During the seventeenth century, Amsterdam experienced unprecedented growth and affluence, and the city developed into the world's staple market playing an indispensable role in Silk Road trade. This era, which coincides with post-reformation Dutch society, also allowed artists to produce art works depicting objects from everyday life, moving away from the earlier religious subject matter. This paper intends to look into seventeenth century Dutch paintings from their social setting, especially focusing on the influence of the Silk Road in the art making process. The paper also looks into the Chinese side of Silk Road interaction and discusses how Chinese porcelain reflects cultural influence from the Dutch. The paper incorporates Silk Road as a methodology to discuss art works departing from earlier practices in art history. This approach allows us to understand art as a product of multi-disciplinary, multi-cultural experience. The methodology invites more discussion on numerous art forms which emerged along the Silk Road trading route to expand and explore the history of East-West cultural exchange.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.63-70
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• 2015

Recently, the rural village development projects are proceeding as enhancement of the rural landscape as the interest toward rural tourism and rural immigrant has increased. However, the projects are solely to support construction of community space and there has been a lack of community facility remodeling in term of both deterioration facilities and abandoned facilities. Thus in this study proposes rural community facility remodeling process to utilize remodeling of rural deterioration facilities and abandoned facilities. For setting rural community remodeling process, this study analysed preceding research data and suggested rural community remodeling process stage ; planning, spacial resolution, remodeling factor analysis, implementation, maintenance control, based on research data. For systematic performed this process, this study regulated role of local resident, expert and local government on remodeling process stage.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.1-18
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• 2020

We estimate a choice-based aggregate demand model accounting for consumers' consideration sets, and study its implications on market structure. In contrast to past research, we model and estimate consumer demand using aggregate-level consumer browsing data in addition to aggregate-level choice data. The use of consumer browsing data allows us to study consumer demand in a realistic setting in which consumers choose from a subset of products. We calibrate the proposed model on both data sets, avoid biases in parameter estimates, and compute the price elasticity measures. As an empirical application, we estimate consumer demand in the camcorder category and study its implications on market structure. The proposed model predicts a limited consumer price response and offers a more discriminating competitive landscape from the one assuming universal consideration set.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.32-50
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• 2019

The present study examines the circumstances around the establishment of the Seonyu Eight Scenic Spots (仙遊八景) in Gogunsan Islands and the characteristics of the landscape of each viewing point. The study conclusions are as follows. First, since the scenic spots were first established in 1969, their content and sequences have been changed several times, and their names have also been changed to some extent. Until the 1970s, these scenic spots did not have official names for them and were often specified as 'Gogunsan Eight Scenic Spots', and excluded 'the Musan Twelve Peaks (巫山十二峰)'. In addition, viewing points of the eight scenic spots varied across periods. This suggests that, for the early form of Seonyu Eight Scenic Spots, the picturesque scenery of Gogunsan Islands, and Seonyudo Island in particular, was chosen, while eight scenic spots in its vicinity were regarded. Second, the Seonyu Eight Scenic Spots of the early 2000s, which has all eight scenic spots of now, follows the nomenclature of the traditional eight scenic spots by specifying the sequence number with a refined name in four syllables. Its first scenic spot was Mangju Waterfall (望主瀑布) and its eighth scenic spot was Seonyu Sunset (仙遊落照); currently, the first scenic spot is Seonyu Sunset and the second scenic spot is Mangju Waterfall. Such change in the sequence of viewing points resulted from differences in representative landscape resources between the periods. Third, the lack of structure and finesse due to continuous changes is directed related to the identity issue of the Seonyu Eight Scenic Spots. Above all, it is unclear by whom and when Seonyu Eight Scenic Spots was established, and there are clear traces of following the eight scenic spots in the neighboring areas such as Okgu (沃溝) and Impi (臨陂)'s Eight Scenic Spots. Moreover, it is evaluated to have an unrefined, incomplete structure due to the lack of clarity in the knowledge and information about viewing objects, when to view, and historical and cultural background. Fourth, the first scenic spot, Seonyu Sunset, has the image that dominates the entire Eight Scenic Spots. The temporary landscape, the sunset, became the best view because it was perceived as the entirety of the landscape created by the fusion of the beautiful natural elements of Seonyudo Island. Therefore, there is ample room for raising the value of other landscape resources of Gogunsan Islands by utilizing the existing perception of exploring the entire landscape of Seonyudo Island and Gogunsan Islands starting with Seonyu Sunset. This likely requires additional work to imbue each viewing point with identity and completion.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.43-55
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to propose a plan that properly organizes urban close-to-nature streams by evaluating the city park functions, ecological functions and landscape functions required for urban stream and setting up space function suitable for the space. The site of this study is Hongjecheon located in Seodaemun gu of Seoul City, whose length of channel spans 6.12km in total. The plan for the construction of close-to-nature streams had been established from late 2003, and the construction was completed. Evaluation Categories and indications were deduced from 4 stages. First, based on theoretical examination, we made a list of stream and park evaluation categories and added Category about Characteristic of urban streams. Next, we set Final Evaluation Categories and indications through the process of goal-relevance, indication verification, merging similar category. Final Evaluation Categories were deduced such as usage demand, usability(city park functions), biodiversity, inhabitation potential, rarity(ecological functions), historical cultural elements, and landscape Quality(landscape functions). As a result of allotting space functions, zones 1 through 4, got high grades at usage demand, was classified as a civic resort district; zones 5 through 6, close to major green area and remained original landscape, as ecological conservation and restoration district; zones 7 through 8, get high grades at usage demand and usability, as environmentally-friendly use district; and zones 9 through 10, many historical cultural elements and view points, and high green possession rate, as stream scenic district. In addition, detail space function and construction plan for each zones were proposed. As a result of this study, proposed space function assignment considering natural characteristics, humanities and social characteristics and landscape characteristics and is expected to be utilized at reasonable spatial planning considering various functions required for urban stream.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.57-75
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to find ways of evaluating the suitability of sites being considered for development of different types of parks in the vicinity of yangmock-myun kyoung buk, where a large project(as large as about14.0$km^2$) has been planned. The results are as follows. Three surveys for selecting the assessment indicators were performed. ${\cdot}$ The first survey analyzed the importance of 23 selected assessment indicators based on a review of existing literature review and an on-the-spot research. ${\cdot}$ The second survey selected assessment indicators for each park type. ${\cdot}$ The third survey computed additive values of selected assessment indicators by the park types. It used a method of standardizing the average importance of indicators by making their sum equal to 10. These additive values were then multiplied by each grade of indicators to make a final evaluation. An evaluation of the site-suitability of park types was performed twice. The purpose of the first evaluation was to figure out how much each type met the minimum requirements targeted for all landscape types. The minimum requirements were derived by using a relative comparison between the standard of value rating of the assessment indicators, which was over the medium magnitude on the importance analysis, and the result of field research. A second evaluation estimated the targeted sites that met the minimum requirements. Value ratings of second assessment indicators were quantitatively divided as 1 to 3 grade and the evaluation scores were added, giving an additive value for each assessment indicator. The evaluation score on each park type was rated on a scale of 1 to 3 according to their averages, (from lowest to highest). Since this evaluation model of the site suitability on park types only focused on the 'face' of space in this study, additional analysis is necessary for setting the evaluation model and incorporating the overall impact of space, network connection and other factors, considering 'spot', 'line' and 'face' aspects of space.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.20-36
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• 2022

This study aims to provide basic data for high-quality street tree management by setting reasonable management items and appropriate unit prices by reviewing the adequacy of current street tree management. Currently, street tree management items, except for street tree pruning, use general landscape tree quantity per unit for the street tree management quantity per unit. KEPCO (Korea Electric Power Corporation) applied pruning items from standard electric production infrastructure and carried out the activities at an average unit price of 51% lower for heavy pruning and 39% lower for light pruning than the standard estimate. This was judged to be a level that could not maintain or increase the quality of street tree management. It was determined that an appropriate standard unit price for street tree management was necessary. To improve the quantity per unit for the proper management of street trees, it was necessary to review costs in the field. However, due to the absence of data on actual construction costs in the domestic landscape field, detailed items of the US RSMeans Building Construction Cost Data (RSMeans) were reviewed, and the actual construction costs were calculated by applying personal domestic expenses. As a result, the standard of the estimated unit showed a good ratio of 107% for heavy pruning of street tree pruning compared to the actual construction cost, but light pruning was underestimated with a 59% ratio. Shrub pruning was 82%, weeding was 92%, tree fertilization was 87%, and windbreak wall installation was 91% under-engineered. In addition, it was also confirmed that the watering by sprinkler trucks and chemical spraying were over-designed compared to the actual construction cost at the rates of 118% and 124%, respectively. Due to the specificity of the street trees, the increase in personal expenses and the input cost of equipment, such as road safety controls, were judged to be the main cause of the underestimation of items. Therefore, it is necessary to add items related to street trees and general landscape trees to the landscape maintenance items of the standard of the estimated unit.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.107-119
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• 2016

Currently, 230 domestic tourist destinations have been designated, established, and operated in accordance with the Tourism Promotion Act. According to the results of preceding research, more than 30% of them have been getting into the stagnation or decline stage. This is becoming a burden to local governments operating and managing tourist destinations, making it necessary to seek resolution measures. Thus, this study determined the activation elements of stagnant/declined tourist destinations regeneration to deal with problems of domestic stagnant or declined tourist destinations and also to regenerate rational and sustainable tourist destinations. This study conducted a survey with experts based on causes for stagnation and decline of domestic tourist destinations suggested by preceding research. Based on the survey results, the activation elements of stagnant/declined tourist destinations regeneration were drawn through the Delphi Technique and Analytic Hierarchy Process. And then the priority and weight of the drawn activation elements of stagnant/declined tourist destinations regeneration were drawn for the sake of reasonable project progress of tour site regeneration. In the results of the analysis, as activation elements of stagnant/declined tourist destinations regeneration, a total of seven upper-attributes, 23 sub-attributes, and 66 detailed-elements were drawn. It would be possible to raise the efficiency of projects and rational decision-making when executing future tourist destinations regeneration projects by using the activation elements drawn. Also, the drawn elements could be applied to the actual tourist destinations regeneration projects as measures for the stagnant/declined domestic tourist destinations' contribution to the vitalization of local economy based on sustainability, prohibition of thoughtless development of domestic tourism projects, and also efficient use of tourism resources.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.10-17
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• 2011

The paradigm of the use and management of natural resources is changing. Wise use of natural resources can be achieved by enhancing their conservation value and, at the same time, taking them as an opportunity for regional development. It leads to an idea of pursuing regional development by making good use of natural resources. In this paper, natural resources were classified as living species resources, ecosystem and landscape resources, and non-living resources. The resources were divided into 27 detailed analysis indices. The administrative boundaries of 165 municipalities in Korea were defined as spatial analysis units. Finally, a spatial database of natural resources was built. To classify the regional types, we conducted factor analyses with a detailed index of natural resources and a cluster analysis with the factor value. As the result of the factor analysis, six factors have been deduced as follows: forest resources, landscape resources, coastal ecology resources, inland water resources, landform resources, and ecology visit resources. In addition, the cluster analyses were conducted for the points of the factors drawn. The final classification consists of nine groups, and appropriate methods for each regional development have been suggested. Results of this study will contribute to providing fundamental materials for site selection and objective-setting for regional development policies and planning in consideration of natural resources.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.65-72
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• 2011

Since walking and physical activity are critical for older adults to maintain their health, it is important to provide neighborhood environments which encourage their walking in daily life. The purposes of the present study were to investigate walking activity patterns of older people in an urban setting and to identify environmental correlates with walking of older adults. This study examined spatial and temporal patterns of physical activities, environmental barriers and motivations, satisfaction levels and demands on the physical environment. In-depth interviews with older adults over age sixty residing in Seoul metropolitan areas revealed that most respondents have a positive perception on walking in daily life, and many of them walk regularly for their health. A primary purpose of walking for older adults was exercise for health rather than transportation. The study result demonstrated that parks and trails were the most preferred places for walking by older adults, and there is an association between frequency of walking participation and access or convenience to parks, traffic safety, and street lights. Most respondents were concerned about traffic safety when they walk in their neighborhoods due to traffic speeds and unsafe streets. Lack of separate sidewalks or benches, stairs and slopes were barriers to older adults' walking habits. This data suggests that the promotion of walking behavior among older adults, some level of public health action, and community support are needed to ensure safe physical environments within communities.