• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.263-264
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• 2016

Since 2000s in Korea, apartment building tended to become goods or assets rather than houses. Therefore, conflicts between supplier and consumer were aggravated, and the defect dispute has been increased rapidly. This dispute enlarges to defect lawsuit and it is social and economical matter. The landscape work in apartment building is main work for a resident that appearance and convenient facility which lawn, tree, fountain, chair, playground, and etc. A number of defects surround landscape work are important issue in defect lawsuit, but, a related research is a minority, and a regulation is incomplete. Therefore, this study is basic study for standard of landscape defect type. As case study on defect lawsuit, draw a landscape defect type in apartment building.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.91-104
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• 2020

This study was conducted to analyze the characteristics of defects according to the type of block and spatial type by quantitatively examining defects occurring in block pavement in apartment complex. According to the research results, depending on the type of block, defects have occurred 1,394.3ea/100㎡ in interlocking paver blocks, 464.8ea/100㎡ in clay brick paver blocks, and 235.1ea/100㎡ in shot blasted paver blocks. By space type, the defects were occurred 1,576.0ea/100㎡ on the access road paved by interlocking paver blocks and the defects were found 1,139.6ea/100㎡ in interlocking paver blocks, 235.1ea/100㎡ in shot blasted paver blocks, and 797.1ea/100㎡ in clay brick paver blocks, on the sidewalk. Also the defects are occurred 455.6ea/100㎡ on the resting space and 403.2ea/100㎡ on the gym space paved by clay brick paver blocks. Through the size analysis of the defects in the block paver, in the case 'peeling', the largest volume of 2,539.0㎣ on the sidewalk paved with shot blasted paver blocks, and 'Subsidence' occurred at the widest area of 2,096.0㎠ on the sidewalk where interlocking paver block was constructed. The difference in defect occurrence according to the type of block is considered to be influenced by the block production process, and the space type is considered to be caused the difference in the occurrence of defects according to the cause of construction and the usage pattern of residents. This study conducted a survey on defects in block and analyzed the defect characteristic according to paver material and space type. Base on this, it is judged that it can be used as an efficient basic data for material replacement, improvement, paver planning and construction in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.81-90
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• 2012

Improvements in the quality of life have resulted in a heightened awareness of safety and the environment. As a result, timber as an environmentally friendly material, is used for landscape facilities and a wide range of purposes. But there are a large number of defects since there are twists and cracks that can be found in wooden landscape facilities. This has led to the use of imported hardwood instead of the Western Hemlock which has been in widespread use. Hardwood is expensive. However, it is being used without any information or research on how much it reduces the actual defects. Construction contractors are in great need of information on the characteristics and defect rates of different types of timber. This study investigated and analyzed the cracks in four types of timber - namely the Western Hemlock, Burckella, Nyatoh and Malas - in order to provide basic information to construction contractor for them to be able to select and use the appropriate type of timber. The main results of this study are as follows. First, the Western Hemlock had 1.90 $cracks/m^2$, Malas had 0.83 $cracks/m^2$, Burckella had 0.14 $cracks/m^2$, and the Nyatoh had the least number of surface defects at 0.04 $cracks/m^2$. Second, while Malas has the highest degree of strength timber, Nyatoh had the smallest defect rate. This showed that having high timber strength does not necessarily mean it has less defects. Third, the Western Hemlock was the least expensive and Burckella was the most expensive. However, considering the cost of repairing defects, it would be economically advantageous to use Burckella and Nyatoh which have low defect rates. This study aimed to provide basic information to landscape construction contractors for them to be able to select and use the appropriate type of timber when constructing wooden outdoor rest furniture. The results are expected to contribute to quality enhancements and defect reduction in landscape facilities.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.491-500
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• 2015

This study investigated defect status by work type, based on the report data of defect inspection results, acquired by consumers' request to safety inspection agencies, before the expiration of legal defect repair warranty period. In fact, the data was not acquired by centering on suppliers, namely, construction companies in relation with the defects becoming causes to increase construction cost of apartments. This study aims to provide objective and basic data for quality improvement at construction stage and for solution to defect disputes. The study results are presented below: (1) The number of defect cases occurring from architectural work among total work types were 1,986, defect occurrence rate was 62.5%, and defect repair cost was KRW $25,851/m^2$, which stood at 78.2% of the total work types. This means the defect occurrence rate and defect repair cost in architectural work are bigger than those of other work types. (2) Major defects in architectural work were revealed in the following order: cracks from frame work, inferior interior finishing work, inferior finishing work of plaster/masonry works, water leak/damage from waterproof work and withering/omission from landscape work. The total repair cost of the major selected defects was KRW $12,220/m^2$, and was analyzed to take up 37% of the total defect repair cost.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.104-113
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• 2012

This study aimed to find out the improvement plan through analyzing the perception of the expert group engaged in landscape architectural construction and to focus on analyzing the expert groups' experience on Landscape Construction Defects (LCD), defect liability, warranty period, and implementation of the defect liability. The results are as follows: 1. Regarding the experience on the LCD, landscape construction contractors were an awareness of the LCD issue at a serious level, while public-sector clients recognize moderately the LCD issue; and on the first priority in defect implementation, landscape construction contractors considered repair cost while public-sector clients value the identifying causes of defects. 2. In disagreement on the defect liability, landscape construction contractors attributed it to client's lack of responsibility for maintenance while public-sector clients ascribed it to the absence of dealing a criteria with LCD, and regarding the appropriate defect implementation, public-sector clients preferred the following objective by dealing the criteria with LCD while landscape construction contractors advocates by sharing the responsibilities for dealing with LCD based on the identified causes of construction defects. 3. Regarding the warranty period, the public-sector clients considered the 2-year warranty period as appropriate while landscape construction contractors considered it comparatively long, and concerning the commencement of defect warranty period, the public-sector clients viewed it as it should commence to cover the overall completion of the construction while landscape construction contractors perceived it to start on the completion of each work. 4. As for the improvement of the defect implementation system, public-sector clients considered it necessary to establish the objective dealing the criteria with LCD while landscape construction contractors viewed the legislation of maintenance duty. Also, with regard to the important value in establishing and dealing the criteria with LCD, public-sector clients pointed out the objective of the criteria for determining the defects per work type while landscape construction contractors suggested client (user)'s maintenance duty. Because of research, because the system in dealing with LCD is an absence of LCD management agency and dealing the criteria with LCD, it is needed to establish an LCD management agency and make the system in dealing with LCD.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.81-91
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to analyze judicial precedents related on landscape construction defects(JPLCD) and suggested the improvement plan for dealing with it. The results are as the following: 1. Landscape construction defects litigations have been increased so far since 2000 and the duration of original trial was approximately 603 days, while appeal trials took up to 550 days. Therefore, the analysis revealed that settlement of disputes were lengthy and wasteful to consumers and constructors. 2. Judgement's cost accepted by the judge was only 53.6% of appraisal's cost appraised by appraiser, therefore it revealed appraiser overestimated the repair cost of landscape construction defects. 3. According to work classification categorized by Landscape Construction Standard Specification(2008) of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture, landscape planting amounted to 75% of JPLCD and plaintiff(consumers)'s prevailing rate of it reached 77% to be a serious burden to constructors. 4. According to JPLCD categorized by the type of dispute, defects caused by consumer's negligence for maintenance amounted to 29% and defendant(constructors)'s prevailing rate of it reached 64% to be the main responsibility of consumers. Further study will be required to make the judge standard of landscape construction defects through legal and technical research.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.96-108
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• 1996

This study aimed at choosing the urban community parks such as D Kjin, Chungang, Dosan Park as the target place for this study, and at analyzing the damage level of the pavement surfaces focusing on the spaces and the materials. We devided the damage level within $1.5\times$1.5m grid int the grade from one to five points, and made use of the method of giving marks to get hold of the damage level of the pavement surfaces. Especially we took and analyze Duncan test for the spaces suffering severe damage. The result is as follows : 1. The damage of unenenness turned out to be a most excessive damage in the damage level according to the pavement materials in case of D kjin, and Chunggnag Park. Especially the concrete blocks proved to be the exessive damage in comparison with the other pavement materials, and the demolitional damage of the damage types to the most severe damage. The corner damage turned relatively out to be a heavy damage in case of Dosan Park in Seoul. 2. In the event of the damage level of pavement surfaces according to the spaces, the space which was made the more use of and which was the more concentrated, turned out to be the degree of the more excessive damage. 3. We took the Duncan test to verify the deference of the damage type between the spaces and the pavement materials of the target places for survey. The result of verification was that there was no difference of the damage type between the corner and block damage itself in case of the enterance area and the square of D kjin Park in Ch nju, and that the damage level of the pavement materials proved to be the more execssive damage than that of the spaces. The corner damage of Chungang Park in Hj ngju, showed the same result as D kjin Park in Ch nju and the uneveness didn't have any difference of damage type in all spaces. In case of Dosan in Seoul, the damage of crevice, demolition, and pumping didn't have any difference of damage type and the damage of the cross area was the most high. In conclusion, we proposed that we should get hold of whether the cause of pavement damage is caused by the defect of materials of by the construction problem including the foundation, or the unsuitableness of the method for using the pavement materials, and also that we should take a sensus of the user type and should decide a suitable design load and the necessary thickness of the pavement materials. In this study, not only we aimed at the external damage of the materials, but we tried to propose rather reasonable and developed construction method by studying the material experiment, the foundation state, and the type of using the spaces and materials, and by examining into the fundamental damaged cause.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.28-42
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• 2009

In the wake of categorizing the design changes occurred during the period from 2004 till the first half of 2006 in Choongcheong province area, based on purpose and reason of design changes identified by the Korea National Housing Corp, it included 11 types such as the image of the apartment complex, scenic elements, consideration by the user, prevention of the defect, constructability, site conditions, incompatibility between the activities, superordinate standard, prevention of civic complaints, design details and others, along with 47 subordinate elements. And the evaluation intended to identify the corelation between the number and time of design change approval, frequency and scale of design change by type and the cost variations indicated that; firstly, enhancing the image of the apartment complex proved to be the main reason for design changes, accounting for 22% in terms of frequency and 54.9% in terms of cost variation. Secondly, the higher the increase in cost by design change aimed at improving the image of the complex, the lower the decrease in cost by design change for uncertain reasons, dubbed the inverse proportional relations, indicating that the design changes for uncertain reasons were mostly aimed at reducing the construction cost. Thirdly, with regard to the number of design change approval and the time of the initial approval, twice or less and 90 days or less before completion of the construction work, respectively, accounted for $52{\sim}53%$, indicating the design change deliberation and approval tended to have been carried out collectively in the form of ex post facto approval, which seemed to be attributable to the attempt of reducing the construction cost or budget problem, as a result of comparing with the cases in which the cost was reduced.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.80 no.3
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• pp.287-295
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• 1991

Overuse and damage to natural resources from inappropriate visitor behavior is a type of social dilemmas faced by many recreation areas. Social dilemmas in natural recreation resource management are the conflict between the individual's own benefit and that of the collectivity. Social dilemmas may be defined by two properties : (1) Each individual in a group receives a higher payoff for a socially defecting choice than for a cooperative choice, regardless of others' choices, and (2) each individual receives a higher payoff if all group members cooperate than if all defect. There are two approaches to solve the social dilemmas in National Parks, the structural solutions and the individual solutions. Establishment of superordinate authority, selective incentives, and privatization of common resources are included in the structural approaches, while face-to-face interaction and communication among group members in the individual approaches. To aid in generalizing from specific results to other situation, data from laboratory and field experiments are interpreted in the light of social dilemma theory.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2017

In this paper, a magnetic flux leakage(MFL) based steel bar damage detection was first researched to quantify the signals from damages on the wire rope. Though many researches inspecting damages using a MFL method was proceeded until the present, the researches are at the level that diagnose whether damages are or not. This has limitation to take measures in accordance with the damage level. Thus, a MFL inspection system was modeled using a finite element analysis(FEM) program dealing with electromagnetism problems, and a steel bar specimen was adopted as a ferromagnetic object. Then, an experimental study was also carried out to verify the simulation results with a steel bar which has same damage conditions as the simulation. The MFL signals was nearly not affected by the increase of the inspection velocity, and the magnitudes of the signals are not identical according to the change of the defect width even the defects have same depth. On the basis of the analysis, the signal properties from the damages were extracted to classify the type of damages, and it could be confirmed that classification of damages using extracted signal properties is feasible.