• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.381-392
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• 2003

Multi-temporal approaches using sequential data acquired over multiple years are essential for satisfactory discrimination between many land-cover classes whose signatures exhibit seasonal trends. At any particular time, the response of several classes may be indistinguishable. A harmonic model that can represent seasonal variability is characterized by four components: mean level, frequency, phase and amplitude. The trigonometric components of the harmonic function inherently contain temporal information about changes in land-cover characteristics. Using the estimates which are obtained from sequential images through spectral analysis, seasonal periodicity can be incorporates into multi-temporal classification. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was computed for one week composites of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) imagery over the Korean peninsula for 1996 ～ 2000 using a dynamic technique. Land-cover types were then classified both with the estimated harmonic components using an unsupervised classification approach based on a hierarchical clustering algorithm. The results of the classification using the harmonic components show that the new approach is potentially very effective for identifying land-cover types by the analysis of its multi-temporal behavior.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.511-524
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 12년(2001-2012)간의 MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 토지피복 자료를 이용하여 동북아시아 지역에 대한 토지피복 유형별 통계적 점유율과 연변동을 조사하였다. MODIS 토지피복 자료의 공간해상도는 500 m이며 토지피복 유형의 수는 17개이다. 12년 평균에서 농지(36.96%), 초지(23.14%) 그리고 혼합림(22.97%) 3가지 유형이 분석 영역의 80% 이상을 점유하고 있는 것으로 나타났고, 그 외 농지와 자연 식생의 혼합유형(6.09%), 낙엽활엽수림(4.26%), 도시(2.46%) 그리고 사바나(1.54%) 유형이 점유하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 비록 자료의 사용 기간이 짧지만 단순회귀분석에서 상록침엽수림, 낙엽활엽수림, 혼합림은 유의수준 5%에서 점유율이 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 사바나 유형은 유의수준 5%에서 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 토지피복 유형이 매년 다르게 분류되는 화소의 비율이 10% 이상이며 토지피복 유형별 점유율의 연변동은 농지(1.41%), 혼합림(0.82%), 초지(0.73%)에서 가장 두드러지게 나타났다. 또한, 12년 동안 토지피복 유형이 1개로만 분류된 화소의 비율은 단지 57%이며, 나머지 화소들에서는 2개 이상으로 분류되었으며 최대 9개 유형으로 분류된 화소도 존재했다. 공간적으로 균질하게 1개 유형만 분포하고 있는 중국 동부와 북서부 지역을 제외한 전체 지역에서 토지피복 유형이 연도별도 다르게 분류되고 있다. 따라서 토지피복 변화에 소요되는 시간적 규모를 고려할 때 동북아시아 지역에서 MODIS 토지피복 자료를 이용할 시 주의가 필요하다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.199-206
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• 2020

Satchari National Park is one of the most biodiverse forest in Bangladesh and home of many endangered flora and fauna. 206 tons of CO₂ per hectare is sequestrated in this national park every year which helps to mitigate climate issues. As people living near the area are dependent on this forest, degradation has become a regular phenomenon destroying the forest biodiversity by altering its forest cover. So, it is important to map land cover quickly and accurately for the sustainable management of Satchari National Park. The main objective of this study was to obtain information on land cover change using remote sensing data. Combination of unsupervised NDVI classification and supervised classification using maximum likelihood is followed in this study to find out land cover map. The analysis showed that the land cover is gradually converting from one land use type to another. Dense forest becoming degraded forest or bare land. Although it was slowed down by the establishment of 'National Park' on the study site, forecasting shows that it is not enough to mitigate forest degradation. Legal steps and proper management strategies should be taken to mitigate causes of degradation such as illegal felling.

• 대기
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.169-182
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• 2009

To improve the performance of climate and numerical models, concerns on the land-atmosphere schemes are steadily increased in recent years. For the realistic calculation of land-atmosphere interaction, a land surface information of high quality is strongly required. In this study, a new land cover map over the Korean peninsula was developed using MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. The seven phenological data set (maximum, minimum, amplitude, average, growing period, growing and shedding rate) derived from 15-day normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were used as a basic input data. The ISOData (Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis), a kind of unsupervised non-hierarchical clustering method, was applied to the seven phenological data set. After the clustering, assignment of land cover type to the each cluster was performed according to the phenological characteristics of each land cover defined by USGS (US. Geological Survey). Most of the Korean peninsula are occupied by deciduous broadleaf forest (46.5%), mixed forest (15.6%), and dryland crop (13%). Whereas, the dominant land cover types are very diverse in South-Korea: evergreen needleleaf forest (29.9%), mixed forest (26.6%), deciduous broadleaf forest (16.2%), irrigated crop (12.6%), and dryland crop (10.7%). The 38 in-situ observation data-base over South-Korea, Environment Geographic Information System and Google-earth are used in the validation of the new land cover map. In general, the new land cover map over the Korean peninsula seems to be better classified compared to the USGS land cover map, especially for the Savanna in the USGS land cover map.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.163-174
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• 2021

Heatwaves are one of the most common phenomena originating from changes in the urban thermal environment. They are caused mainly by the evapotranspiration decrease of surface impermeable areas from increases in temperature and reflected heat, leading to a dry urban environment that can deteriorate aspects of everyday life. This study aimed to calculate daily maximum ground surface temperature affecting heatwaves, to quantify the effects of urban thermal environment control through water cycle restoration while validating its feasibility. The maximum surface temperature regression equation according to the impermeable area ratios of urban land cover types was derived. The estimated values from daily maximum ground surface temperature regression equation were compared with actual measured values to validate the calculation method's feasibility. The land cover classification and derivation of specific parameters were conducted by classifying land cover into buildings, roads, rivers, and lands. Detailed parameters were classified by the river area ratio, land impermeable area ratio, and green area ratio of each land-cover type, with the exception of the rivers, to derive the maximum surface temperature regression equation of each land cover type. The regression equation feasibility assessment showed that the estimated maximum surface temperature values were within the level of significance. The maximum surface temperature decreased by 0.0450℃ when the green area ratio increased by 1% and increased by 0.0321℃ when the impermeable area ratio increased by 1%. It was determined that the surface reduction effect through increases in the green area ratio was 29% higher than the increasing effect of surface temperature due to the impermeable land ratio.

• 대기
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.415-426
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• 2010

A Land cover map over East Asian region (Kongju national university Land Cover map: KLC) is classified by using support vector machine (SVM) and evaluated with ground truth data. The basic input data are the recent three years (2006-2008) of MODIS (MODerate Imaging Spectriradiometer) NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) data. The spatial resolution and temporal frequency of MODIS NDVI are 1km and 16 days, respectively. To minimize the number of cloud contaminated pixels in the MODIS NDVI data, the maximum value composite is applied to the 16 days data. And correction of cloud contaminated pixels based on the spatiotemporal continuity assumption are applied to the monthly NDVI data. To reduce the dataset and improve the classification quality, 9 phenological data, such as, NDVI maximum, amplitude, average, and others, derived from the corrected monthly NDVI data. The 3 types of land cover maps (International Geosphere Biosphere Programme: IGBP, University of Maryland: UMd, and MODIS) were used to build up a "quasi" ground truth data set, which were composed of pixels where the three land cover maps classified as the same land cover type. The classification results show that the fractions of broadleaf trees and grasslands are greater, but those of the croplands and needleleaf trees are smaller compared to those of the IGBP or UMd. The validation results using in-situ observation database show that the percentages of pixels in agreement with the observations are 80%, 77%, 63%, 57% in MODIS, KLC, IGBP, UMd land cover data, respectively. The significant differences in land cover types among the MODIS, IGBP, UMd and KLC are mainly occurred at the southern China and Manchuria, where most of pixels are contaminated by cloud and snow during summer and winter, respectively. It shows that the quality of raw data is one of the most important factors in land cover classification.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.289-297
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• 2008

An impervious cover is one of most important factors which effect on a water body environment in a watershed. There are many researches on the impact of an impervious cover on water quality, quantity and ecosystem and most of these researches have been focused on an impervious rate or area in a watershed without considering structure features as like shape, edge, connection of impervious cover. In this study, we focused on a landscape structure which includes shape, density, contiguity, distance, aggregation of land cover type as well as area and rate. The calculation of a landscape indices made to analyse a landscape structure is conducted by applying Fragastats 3.3 program. Osan-cheon watershed where has rapidly urbanized is selected as a study field. Land information for 2002 and 2007 is from land classification maps provided by Ministry of Environment. The result shows that the increasing rate of an impervious cover is more conspicious in Kiheung dam watershed but the fragment of impervious cover areas is shown remarkably in the Osan sub-watershed. The trend of aggregation and connection of impervious covers is increasing. But it was very difficult to say that which type of landscape structure is more beneficial for a watershed management. The implication of this study is to find the need to come over the conventional ways to evaluate landscape structure of a watershed such as rates and areas of impervious cover, and define the importance of landscape feature as like connection, distance, edge density, fragment of impervious covers.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.71-83
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• 2009

본 연구는 한반도 토지이용 및 토지피복 모니터링에 필요한 현존 자료의 특성과 활용 가능성을 분석하여 문제점을 파악하고 향후 한반도 전역의 국토모니터링을 위한 기술적 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 한반도 토지이용과 관련된 비 공간자료는 1911년부터 집계된 지적통계자료가 있다. 초기의 연도별 지적통계자료는 토지이용 변화의 추세를 가늠하는데 사용될 수 있지만, 분단 이후의 자료는 지목과 실제 토지이용 상태의 불일치로 토지 이용 모니터링에 직접적으로 사용하기에는 어려움이 있다. 한반도 토지 이용 및 토지 피복을 모니터링하기 위한 공간자료는 1970년대 이후 위성 영상자료를 이용하여 제작한 토지피복도가 주를 이루고 있다. 두 기관에서 독자적으로 제작된 서로 다른 시기의 북한 토지피복도를 이용하여 토지피복변화를 분석한 결과, 사용된 위성영상의 계절별 차이와 위성영상 분류과정에 적용된 분류등급과 분류방법의 불일치 등으로 직접 비교에 많은 어려움이 있었다. 지속적인 한반도 토지이용 및 토지피복 모니터 링을 위한 토지피복도 제작은 위성영상의 계절적 조건, 분류방법, 좌표등록 등에 호환성이 보장되도록 단일의 기준이 마련되어야 하며, 아울러 국제적인 토지피복 분류등급이나 정확도에서도 호환성을 갖추어야 한다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권9호
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• pp.925-931
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• 2002

Land-use types should be included in air pollutant diffusion model because a complex mixture of various land-use patterns with computational grid can make errors in calculation of several parameters. However, the air pollutant diffusion model has generally been treated with a uniform component with land-use type in each mesh because of the complexity of the simulation. This study presents a numerical simulation of the horizontal distribution of $O_3$dry deposition velocity during summertime in Busan metropolitan city. The calculation of the meteorological field was conducted using the land cover data. Simulation has been performed by the following two scenarios : (1) one with current land cover data, and (2) the other with only land and sea for the surface characteristics. The results from each scenario reveals considerable differences on the meteorological fields and these differences can cause changes in the calculation values of $O_3$deposition velocity.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.117-128
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• 2003

본 연구는 춘천시를 대상으로 수치표고모델, 토지이용 데이터 및 토지피복분류 데이터를 구축하고 이를 이용한 토지이용 CG(computer graphics)화상과 토지피복 CG화상의 작성과 가시권분석을 통해 광역적 도시경관의 특성을 파악하였다. 토지피복분석의 결과, 1989년에서 2000년까지 시가지는 $7.7km^2$ 증가하였으며, 녹지는 $12.7km^2$가 감소하였다. 용도지역상 시가지, 개발제한구역, 녹지지역 등에서 녹지의 감소와 시가지의 증가가 나타났다. 춘천시의 도시경관은 3개의 유형으로 대분할 수 있었다. 유형1은 개발제한구역을 중심으로 형성된 경관, 유형2는 자연녹지, 생산녹지 등의 녹지를 중심으로 한 경관, 그리고 유형3은 시가지와 수역을 중심으로 한 경관특성을 가지고 있었다. 토지피복 CG화상은 모든 유형에서 녹지의 감소와 시가지의 증가가 나타났다. 가시권 분석의 결과, 경관적 중요도가 높은 영역에서도 녹지감소의 경향이 동일하게 나타나 이 영역에서 녹지경관의 보전 및 관리가 요구되었다.