• 한국언어정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국언어정보학회 2007년도 정기학술대회
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• pp.385-393
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• 2007

Corpora annotated with lots of linguistic information are required to develop robust and statistical natural language processing systems. Building such corpora, however, is an expensive, labor-intensive, and time-consuming work. To help the work, we design and implement an annotation tool for establishing a Korean dependency tree-tagged corpus. Compared with other annotation tools, our tool is characterized by the following features: independence of applications, localization of errors, powerful error checking, instant annotated information sharing, user-friendly. Using our tool, we have annotated 100,904 Korean sentences with dependency structures. The number of annotators is 33, the average annotation time is about 4 minutes per sentence, and the total period of the annotation is 5 months. We are confident that we can have accurate and consistent annotations as well as reduced labor and time.

• 한국인구학
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.41-53
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• 1986

The purpose of this paper is two-fold. One is to investigate the determinants of the demand supply of labor, and another is to project long-term demand and supply of labor. The paper consists of three parts. In the first part, theoretical models and important hypotheses are discussed: for the case of a labor supply model, issues regarding discouraged worker model, permanent wage hypothesis, and relative wage hypothesis are examined and for the case of a demand model, issues regarding estimating an employment demand equation within the framework of an inverted short-run produc- tion function are inspected. Particularly, a theoretical justification for introducing a demographic cohort variable in a labor supply equation is also investigated. In the second part, empirical results of the estimated supply and demand equations are analyzed. Supply equations are specified differently between primary and secondary labor force. That is, for the case of primary labor force groups including males aged 25 and over, attempts are made to explain the variations in participation behavior within the framework of a neo-classical economics oriented permanent wage hypothesis. On the other hand, for the case of females and young male labor force, variations in participation rates are explained in terms of a relative wage hypothesis. In other words, the participation behavior of primary labor force is related to short-rum business fluctuations, while that of secondary labor force is associated with intermediate swings of business cycles and demographic changes in the age structure of population. Some major findings arc summarized as follows. (1) For the case of males aged 14~19 and 2O~24 groups and females aged 14∼19, the effect of schhool enrollment rate is dominant and thus it plays a key role in explaining the recent declining trend of participation rates of these groups. (2) Except for females aged 20∼24, a demographic cohort variable, which captures the impact of changes in the age structure on participation behavior, turns out to show positive and significant coefficients for secondary labor force groups. (3) A cyclical variable produce significant coefficients for prime-age males and females reflecting that as compared to other groups the labor supply behavior of these groups is more closely related to short-run cyclical variations (4) The wage variable, which represents a labor-leisure trade-off turns out to yield significant coefficients only for older age groups (6O and over) for both males and females. This result reveals that unlike the experiences of other higer-income nations, the participation decision of the labor force of our nation is not highly sensitive with respect to wage changes. (5)The estimated result of the employment demand equation displays that given that the level of GNP remains constant the ability of the economy to absord labor force has been declining;that is, the elasticity of GNP with respect to labor absorption decreasre over time. In the third part, the results of long-term projections (for the period of 1986 and 1995) for age-sex specific participation rates are discussed. The participation rate of total males is anticipated to increase slightly, which is contrary to the recent trend of declining participation rates of this group. For the groups aged 25 and below, the participation rates are forecast to decline although the magnitude of decrease is likely to shrink. On the other hand, the participation rate of prime- age males (25 to 59 years old) is predicted to increase slightly during 1985 and 1990. For the case of females, except for 20∼24 and 25∼34 age groups, the participation rates are projected to decrease: the participation rates of 25∼34 age group is likely to remain at its current level, while the participation rate of 20∼24 age group is expected to increase considerably in the future (specifi- cally, from 55% in 1985 to 61% in 1990 and to 69% in 1995). In conclusion, while the number of an excess supply of labor will increase in absolute magnitude, its size as a ratio of total labor force is not likely to increase. However, the age composition of labor force is predicted to change; that is, the proportion of prime-age male and female labor force is projected to increase.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.263-271
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to determine the standard work time of dietetic staff through work sampling methodology in school flood service systems. Work measurement through work sampling methodology was conducted in five conventional, five commissary and five joint management flood service systems over two consecutive weeks in October 1999. Statistical analysis was performed on the SAS/Win 6.12 package program for Kruskal-Wallis test and multiple comparison. Observed data were satisfied with a confidence level of 95% and a confidence interval of $\pm$ 0.05. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. The actual time spent by dietetic staff members in conventional, commissary, joint-management flood servile systems was 2,394, 2,521 and 2,110 minutes per week, respectively. Transportation time of each flood service systeml and ILO allowance rate (11%) was applied. Thus, the standard work time per week of dietetic staff members in conventional, commissary, joint-management flood service systems was 2,746.14, 2,861.58 and 2,520.81 minutes, respectively. The standardized index was 1.04, 1.08 and 0.95 men in conventional, commissary, and joint-management flood service systems, respectively. Regardless of the school flood service system, those with "the duty of cooking and distribution management" had the longest labor time, while those with "duty of nutritional education" had the shortest labor time.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.79-88
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• 1995

The purposes of this study were to : a) investigate actual time spent and expected labor time spent on management activities, and b) develop standardized indices of dietetic staffing needs in employee foodservice. A job analysis questionnaires were developed and mailed to 65 dietitians who were members of The Korean Dietetic Association Practice Group, members with management responsibilities in employee foodservices. Completed questionnaires were received from 32 dietitians for a response rate of 49%. The questionnaire contained two parts with a total of 99 statements. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SAS programs for descriptive analysis, wilcoxon signed ranks test, wilcoxon rank sum test, and pearson correlation. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. 1. The actual time spent on management activities by dietitians in employee foodservice was 69.80 hours and expected labor time spent was 61.81 hours. And they were significantly different (p<0.05). 2. ILO allowance rate( 11%) was applied: The standardized working hours per week of dietitians working in employee foodservice with manufacturing and industrial plants, and office building were 79.61 and 64.25 respectively ; Staffing need indices were 1.81 and 1.46 respectively on the base of 44 working hours. 3. The average standardized working hours per week was 68.61 hours and staffing need indices was 1.56

• 임상간호연구
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.236-247
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was to present improvement strategy and the problems of the nursing fee in national health insurance system. Methods: A total of 23 nursing activities performed by nurses were selected. Data were collected the relative value score and criteria of the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Agency. Sixty clinical nursing experts panels were composed and nursing time surveyed self-reported method. The actual fee was calculated through the nursing time, relative value score and actual labor costs. Nextly, the labor costs analyzed was compared with that in the national health insurance. Results: Although the practices were mainly performed by the nurse, other occupations have been recorded as main practitioners and the time of the nursing activity is partially improperly reflected. Additionally, although the nurse practiced mainly in glucose (semi-quantitative) test, it was confirmed that the principal practitioner was described as a clinical pathologist. The the labor cost gap was estimated that is 9.3 times (median) and 11.9 times (average) in this analysis. Conclusion: This study suggests that it is necessary to legislate a policy that can improve the quality of clinical nursing by reinforcing the appropriateness and improving nursing fee through reflection of the actual time spent for nursing care.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제67권4호
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• pp.279-299
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• 2015

본 연구의 목적은 노인장기요양서비스를 이용하는 부양가구원과 여성가구원의 노동공급효과를 확인하는데 있다. 노인장기요양보험제도의 공식적 돌봄 서비스가 부양가구원들의 비공식적 돌봄을 대체한다면, 이는 부양가구원들의 시간제약을 변화시켜 노동공급을 증가시킬 것이다. 따라서 이러한 노동공급효과는 각국의 공적 돌봄 서비스의 제도적 수준에 따라 달라질 수 있다. 지금까지 서구국가들에서는 이에 대한 연구가 활발히 전개되어 왔으나, 이러한 실증분석들은 혼재된 결과를 보인다. 선행연구들에서는 무엇보다 방법론상 내생성의 문제가 지속적으로 제기되어 왔다. 본 연구는 이러한 문제를 해결하고자 유사실험설계인 PSM(Propensity Score Matching)과 DD(Double Difference) 결합모형을 활용하여 선택편의를 최소화하였다. 한국복지패널 3차, 9차 데이터를 활용한 분석 결과, 한국의 노인장기요양보험제도의 노동공급효과는 나타나지 않았다. 단순이중차이분석에서는 노동시간과 근로소득이 유의미하게 증가한 것으로 나타났지만, 더 엄격하다고 볼 수 있는 이중차이 고정효과모형분석에서는 그 효과가 나타나지 않았다. 이를 서구의 경험적 연구결과에 비춰보면, 한국의 공적 돌봄서비스인 노인장기요양보험제도가 비공식적 돌봄을 대체하지 못하고 일부만을 보완하는 수준에 머물러 있는 것이라고 해석할 수 있다. 본 연구의 분석결과는 그동안 제기되어온 노인장기요양서비스의 급여불충분성에 대한 증거가 될 수 있으며, 노인장기요양서비스의 제도적 배열이 대상자 및 부양가족의 욕구에 맞도록 선택되어져야 한다는 함의를 가진다.

• 노동경제논집
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.97-124
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• 2001

자녀양육에 수반되는 시간적 금전적 비용부담이 기혼여성의 노동시장 진입과 경력단절에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 요인으로 지적한 선행 연구들은 이에 대한 정책적 지원을 강조하였다. 사회복지정책이 발달한 국가에서 세대간 동거(co-residence)는 고령층의 의료 및 부양과 관련된 공적 비용을 사적 비용으로 전환하고, 공식적인 부양을 비공식적인 것으로 대체하는 동시에 기혼여성의 노동공급을 증가시킨다는 관점에서 정책 설정에서 주요한 개선방안으로 인식되고 있다. 본 연구는 "한국노동패널" 2차년도(1999) 자료를 이용하여 부모세대와의 동거상태, 부모 및 기혼여성 본인의 건강상태가 기혼여성의 노동공급에 미치는 영향을 살펴본다. Tobit모형의 추정 결과, 동거 여부, 여성노인과의 동거, 노동시장 근로를 하지 않는 여성노인과의 동거는 동거하는 노인의 건강상태에 관계 없이 기혼여성의 노동공급량에 정(+)의 효과를 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 세대간 동거는 세대간 사적 자원이전 (intergenerational private transfer of resources)을 통하여 기혼여성의 노동공급에 긍정적인 영향올 미치며, 이는 세대간 사적 자원이전이 여성노인을 중심으로 시간자원의 이전이라는 형태를 취하고 있음을 의미한다.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.291-301
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• 2010

Today Korean clothing companies are experiencing difficulties in the global market due to unfavorable business conditions including poor production environments, labor shortage, rising costs, the further opening of the domestic distribution market, and increased competition among them. As a result, this has caused many of Korean clothing companies to transfer their production bases abroad in search of relatively inexpensive labor force, instead of using domestic plants. This study attempted to examine how Korean clothing companies perceive production environments and labor standards with regard to their offshore outsourcing. In such an attempt, in-depth interviews were conducted with 24 brand-name clothing firms. Those interviewed firms were the brands for the domestic or foreign market that were found to produce more than 200,000 pieces of clothing per year, and also the group of interviewees included some promotion service providers. The key findings from this study are as follows: First, a large number of the interviewed clothing companies were found to manage their foreign contract manufacturers by "visiting their factories regularly on a seasonal basis" or "stationing their personnel in factory for management purposes." Second, in relation to quality control in their foreign manufacturers, the most frequent response was to "have personnel stationed in those manufacturers." A smaller number of the clothing companies answered that they had "engaged their production management teams in quality control from time to time," or "used their inspectors to inspect products." Third, when asked about labor standards in foreign contract manufacturers, the largest number of the clothing companies responded, "we apply our own standards." The results of this study suggest that most of domestic clothing companies still use offshore sourcing just as a means of reducing their initial labor costs. However, in the continuously changing environment of the global clothing industry, clothing businesses are required to escape from the early phases of their manufacturing environments and set up more globalized standards.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.47-61
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• 2021

본 연구의 목적은 생애주기 한 가운데에서 역동적인 변화를 맞이하고 있는 중년세대의 가사노동 트렌드를 분석함으로써 이들이 변화에 어떻게 대처하고 적응해나가는지 살펴보는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 주목한 중년세대는 코호트별로 베이비붐세대나 X세대를 포함하고, 연령별로는 40-50대를 중심으로 하였다. 연구방법은 문헌연구로, 기본적으로 통계청의 생활시간조사자료를 통해 가사노동시간의 추이를 분석하고, 각종 시장조사자료, 연구보고서, 신문기사 검색을 통해 가사노동 트렌드를 분석하였다. 가사노동이란 가족원에 의해 가족원을 위해 수행되는 무보수의 활동으로 시장에서 재화나 용역을 구입함으로써 대체될 수 있는 활동이다. 본 연구는 기술과 산업의 발전에 따라 급속하게 성장한 가전시장과 가사대체 상품 및 서비스가 가사노동 효율화에 어떠한 영향을 미쳤는지에 초점을 맞추고 중년세대의 가사노동 변화 트렌드를 살펴보았다. 기존의 세대와 다른 특징을 가진 중년세대의 가사노동 트렌드 변화를 살펴보는 것은 향후 시장동향을 예측하고 중년세대의 삶의 질 향상을 지원하는 가족정책에 대한 시사점을 도출한다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제6권8호
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• pp.55-61
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• 1983

In order to increase productivity, modern business which use the techniques of mass production should progress gradually from to use of human labor to total mechanization in the various steps of the production process. This will not only avoid the prospect of future labor shortages, but will also solve nancy of the problems involved in increasing productivity In this paper, we have approached the problem of determining the number of machine units that can be economically assigned to one operator by using Palm's model.