• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.42 no.5 s.335
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• pp.5-12
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• 2005

Establishment of bandwidth and effective traffic processing are required to treat various traffics according to a rapid increase in Internet traffic. A wavelength based transferring method was introduced to support a broadband bandwidth according to this requirement, and consequently, a label processing procedure has been investigated to treat various traffics. This paper introduces a regular shape of stack structure in order to solve the present MPLS label stack processing unit, and analyzes the relationship to label merging, which is initiated between label merging inside and outside the LSP tunnel. By applying an adaptive label structure and merging point a hierarchical label, which is aroused in the GMPLS, can be uniformly simplified and improved from the perspective of cost and processing time at a node

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.262-271
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• 2016

Purpose: Using food labels has been related to healthy eating habits and positive health outcomes. The purpose of this study is to describe the prevalence of food labels utilization and the association between food label use and obesity related factors. Methods: We conducted a self-reported population-based survey including health behaviors, 24-hour recalls, measurements of body mass indices with 6,266 Koreans aged 10 or older. ${\chi}^2$-test and ANOVA examined differences in demographic factors, health behavioral factors, and nutrition factors in tandem with food label use categories. Multivariates logistic regression was used to estimate association between food label use and obesity factors. Results: The percentages of food label users and non-users who perceive food labels were 21.8% and 48.5% respectively. In the multivariate logistic regression, food label use had significant positive associations with women, age, income, education attainment, and subjective obesity. After adjusting for socioeconomic factors and dietetic treatments, the positive associations between food label use and subjective obesity, weight control, and subjective obesity with objective normal weight remained. Conclusion: In order to improve eating habits and weight management, the obesity population that does not use food labels needs to receive proper nutrition education including food choice and body image correction.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2009

This study was performed to investigate the effect of food and nutrition label education on the perception and utilization of nutrition labels on food packaging, and to suggest the importance and necessity of food and nutrition label education in the school curriculum. 811 junior-high school students participated in this study and completed self-administered questionnaires regarding general characteristics, and the perception and utilization of nutrition labels. Knowledge of nutrition labels was tested by 13 questions on the questionnaire. Data was analyzed (using SAS package program) based on the educational experience with nutrition labels. Significant differences in each variable were tested using the $X^2$-test and t-test. Students who had learned about the food and nutrition labeling system had more knowledge of nutrition labels and were more likely to check the nutrition label before purchasing food. In addition, students who had been educated about food and nutrition labels in the school curriculum had a significantly higher understanding and recognition of the nutrition label system. These results suggest that education concerning the food and nutrition label system increased the students' interest in nutrition labels and helped them choose healthy food. Therefore, it is necessary to include an education program about food and nutrition labels in the school curriculum to help students use label information and make healthy dietary choices.

• Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.544-548
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• 2003

The Irradiation test of bar code label tagged on radioactive waste container was done to determine the effect of radiation. Low and medium radioactive waste is that below total activity of 4,000 Bq/g according to the Korean nuclear law. The irradiation amount to radiate bar code label tagged on radioactive waste container was calculated by MCNP-4b computer code. The nuclide such as Co-60 and Cs-137 was assumed to contribute 50% of total activity. Real irradiation amount for bar code label was finally calculated by the dimensions of the container and the bar code label. The Identification of post and the physical deflection of irradiated bar code label was tested by the bar code reader. The coated bar code label was suitable to use on low and medium radioactive waste container.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.207-220
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• 2022

Structural health monitoring (SHM) plays a vital role in the maintenance and operation of constructions. In recent years, autonomous inspection has received considerable attention because conventional monitoring methods are inefficient and expensive to some extent. To develop autonomous inspection, a potential approach of crack identification is needed to locate defects. Therefore, this study exploits two deep learning-based segmentation models, DeepLabv3+ and Mask R-CNN, for crack segmentation because these two segmentation models can outperform other similar models on public datasets. Additionally, impacts of label quality on model performance are explored to obtain an empirical guideline on the preparation of image datasets. The influence of image cropping and label refining are also investigated, and different strategies are applied to the dataset, resulting in six alternated datasets. By conducting experiments with these datasets, the highest mean Intersection-over-Union (mIoU), 75%, is achieved by Mask R-CNN. The rise in the percentage of annotations by image cropping improves model performance while the label refining has opposite effects on the two models. As the label refining results in fewer error annotations of cracks, this modification enhances the performance of DeepLabv3+. Instead, the performance of Mask R-CNN decreases because fragmented annotations may mistake an instance as multiple instances. To sum up, both DeepLabv3+ and Mask R-CNN are capable of crack identification, and an empirical guideline on the data preparation is presented to strengthen identification successfulness via image cropping and label refining.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.513-524
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• 2010

This study was designed to examine nutrition label use, self-efficacy, snacking and eating behaviors of middle school students, and to investigate if these characteristics were different by nutrition label use. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to 348 middle school students in Kyunggi, Korea. About a third of subjects read nutrition labels when they purchased snacks/packaged foods. Most nutrition label users were interested in reading information on calories, fat and trans-fat. Self-efficacy of eating/selecting snacks or general nutrition behavior was moderate (mean score: 44.4 out of 60), with significantly higher score in nutrition label users compared to nonusers (p < 0.001). Nutrition label users felt more confident in 9 items out of 15 items of self-efficacy, such as "taking fruits instead of cookies/candy for snack" (p < 0.001), "choosing milk instead of soft drink" (p < 0.01), "not having snacks after dinner" and "avoiding processed foods for snacks" (p < 0.05). Subjects had snacks 1.3 times a day, and nutrition label nonusers consumed snacks more frequently than the counterparts (p < 0.01). About 55% of nutrition label users and 64.7% of nonusers mainly purchased snacks for themselves (p < 0.05). Commonly purchased snacks by adolescents were ice cream, cookies/chips, breads and ramen. Major considerations in purchasing snacks were taste (46.9%) and price (34.6%). In selecting snacks, the influence of friends and parents was greater than the other sources. Based on eating frequency of snacks, nutrition label users were more likely to consume healthy snacks, such as fruit juices, vegetables, milk, yogurt, and potato/sweet potato than nonusers (p < 0.05). Eating behaviors measured by 15 items scored 33.6 out of 45. Nutrition label users showed better eating behaviors, such as "eating meals slowly", "eating foods cooked with plant oil", and "eating out less frequently" (p < 0.05). Study results showed that majority of adolescents did not read nutrition labels, selected snacks for themselves and had somewhat unhealthy foods for snacks. This study also showed the differences in self-efficacy, snacking and eating behaviors between nutrition label users and nonusers. In nutrition education, it is necessary to stress the importance and skills for reading nutrition labels. It is also needed to help adolescents to select healthy snacks and have desirable eating behaviors, as well as increasing self-efficacy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.613-615
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• 2001

최단경로 탐색에 있어서 출발지와 목적지 사이의 최단경로를 계산하는데 있어서 Label-Setting 알고리즘이 Label-Correcting 알고리즘보다 낫다고 믿어왔다. 하지만 특수한 경우에는 Label-Correcting 알고리즘이 GIS기반의 도로에서 더 좋은 결과를 보인다고 Benjamin의 논문에서 밝혔다[1]. 본 논문에서는 Label-Correcting 알고리즘인 Pallottino의 Graph Growth 알고리즘을 수정하여 One-to-One 최단경로탐색에 적합한 알고리즘을 제안한다.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 2024

The most optimal route-search algorithm thus far has introduced a method of applying node labels and link labels. Node labels consider two nodes simultaneously in the optimal route-search process, while link labels consider two links simultaneously. This study proposes a turn-label-based optimal route-search technique that considers two turns simultaneously in the process. Turn-label-based optimal route search guarantees the optimal solution of dynamic programming based on Bellman's principle as it considers a two-turn search process. Turn-label-based optimal route search can accommodate the advantages of applying link labels because the concept of approaching the limit of link labels is applied equally. Therefore, it is possible to reflect rational cyclic traffic where nodes allow multiple visits without expanding the network, while links do not allow visits. In particular, it reflects the additional cost structure that appears in two consecutive turns, making it possible to express the structure of the travel-cost function more flexibly. A case study was conducted on the metropolitan urban railway network consisting of transportation card terminal readers, aiming to examine the scalability of the research by introducing parameters that reflect psychological resistance in travel with continuous pedestrian transfers into turn label optimal path search. Simulation results showed that it is possible to avoid conservative transfers even if the travel time and distance increase as the psychological resistance value for continuous turns increases, confirming the need to reflect the cost structure of turn labels. Nevertheless, further research is needed to secure diversity in the travel-cost functions of road and public-transportation networks.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.331-338
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• 2000

To study on the actual condition of care label attached to clothing and consumers' perception, 250 summer clothes sold at department store-blouse, trousers, one-piece dress, knit cardigan and skirt-were investigated during July 2000. In addition, a questionnaire was administered to 192 women in Taegu during August. The fiber contents of surveyed clothes were polyester 100% & polyester blend (26%), rayon 100% & rayon blend (18%), cotton 100% & cotton blend (17%), wool 100% & wool blend (14%) and others. All clothes surveyed were attached care label and the signals showed on care labels were 4~6 kinds about cleaning, squeezing, drying, bleaching, and ironing methods. 92% of clothes had to be dry-cleaned and only 8% could be wet-cleaned. Considered the surveyed clothes were for summer which needs frequent washing and the clothing items, the number of clothes had to dry-cleaned were too many. The bleaching instructions were no chlorine bleach (74%), no bleaching (21%) and others. The ironing instructions were cool ironing ($80{\sim}120^{\circ}C$) with cover (24%) and warm ironing ($140{\sim}160^{\circ}C$) with cover (69%) primarily. The drying instructions was dry on a hanger in the shade (54%) and 38% had no signal or incorrect signal. The properties of summer clothes considered important by consumers were wrinkled hardly, hand-washable, machine-washable, needed no iron and etc. Actually most of summer clothes were hand or machine-washed. Also, the majority of respondents felt inconvenient to have to dry-clean summer clothes. More than 80% respondents looked over care label and fiber content label before buying clothes. However most of respondents did not followed that instructions exactly and thought care label instructions were not correct. Considered this results, the suppliers have to make efforts to attach correct and appropriate care label which furnish the correct information to consumers.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.559-568
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• 2008

Even though snacks or meals purchased by teenagers have dramatically increased in Korea, it has not been investigated whether teenagers know and take notice of the nutrition label. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the usefulness and utilization of food and nutrition labels amongst teenagers. Questionnaires were distributed 814 of junior-high school students and were completed by self-administrated questionnaires. Questionnaires included questions regarding general characteristics, perception and utilization of food and nutrition labels and degree of necessity and satisfaction on food products and nutrition labels. Data was analyzed with regards to sex and school year by using a SAS package program. Significant differences of each variable were tested by using the $x^2$-test, t-test and ANOVA. Only 4.4% of participants were well informed about food and nutrition labels, while 26.0% of them did not know about it. Most of participants(78%) perceived that food and nutrition labeling system is necessary but are not satisfied with it. More of them did not check the food and nutrition label when they purchased food. Students usually checked the food and nutrition label to know about the nutritional value, and additives. The survey showed that more than three quarters of participants take notice of the food and nutrition label on products whereas only 57.7% of them knew what the food and nutrition actually meant. This study showed that most teenagers did not know the food and nutrition label, didn't have right information and didn't use it. Therefore, it is necessary to include an educational program about the food and nutrition label in the school curriculum and that will help students use the nutrition label and help them choose healthy food.