• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 2004

Saam acupuncture has an evident principles of prescription based on acupuncture tonification and purgation of Nan-gyeong but many prescriptions of Saam acupuncture are not typical patterns. Therefore it is difficult to understand principles of those prescriptions. Understanding the principles of any prescription means understanding the physiology and pathology of that prescription and it have an important role in selecting the best prescription and taking the most effective treatment. This paper studies principles of prescriptions of the king fire and the premier fire. The theoretical authorities of analysis are Nan-gyeong, works of Joo dan-gye and Li dong-won and Uihakimmun. The damage of fire to mentality is very intensive and severe. The prescriptions of the king fire and premier fire have a good effect on diseases by fire. The fire of human body are two types, the king fire and the premier fire but the water of human body is only one and then inferior to fire. The fire superior to the water is unstable and the fire influences rapidly and intensively on four elements, wood, earth, metal, water. So the control of the water is the key to treat the disease by fire. Considering the attack and the treatment of disease, heart and liver are attacked with a disease by fire in its early stage and kidney and lung are the key to treatment. Consequently the pathology of the disease by fire is corresponding to the theory- Yang Sufficient, Yin Deficient- of Joo dan-gye. It seems that the theory of Joo dan-gye influenced on the medical theory of Saam Acupuncture. On that account I believe that the study of medical theories of the Geum and Won Dynasty that various medical theories appeared is very available.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.131-141
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• 2005

Objectives : Saam acupuncture has evident principles of prescription based on acupuncture tonification and purgation of Nan-gyeong but many prescriptions of Saam acupuncture are not typical patterns. This paper studies principles of prescriptions of the king fire and the premier fire. Methods : Through investigation of many medical documents concerning king fire and the premier fire, the author explained of physiological and pathological principle of king and the premier fire, also explained of interacting mechanism through five element. And The theoretical authorities of analysis are Nan-gyeong, works of Joo dan-gye and Li dong-won. Results & Conclusion : 1. The sufficiency and the control of the water is the key to treat the disease by fire. Considering the attack and the treatment of disease, heart and liver give rise to fire in its early stage and kidney and lung are the key to treatment. 2. Consequently the pathology of the disease from fire is corresponding to the theory- Yang Sufficient, Yin Deficient- of Joo dan-gye. It seems that the theory of Joo dan-gye influenced on the medical theory of Saam Acupuncture. 3. On that account I believe that the study of medical theories of the Geum and Won Dynasty that various medical theories had appeared is very available for Saam Acupuncture. At present global warming is accelerating because environmental pollution has been increasing. Therefore the damage of fire to human body will be more and more severe and extensive. Because in the future medical plants will not be free from environmental pollution, acupuncture will be very confidential treatment.

• 방재와보험
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• s.36
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• pp.70-73
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• 1988

인구의 도시 집중화 현상에 따라 도시는 고층화.조밀화 되고 또한 지하시대가 개막되어 많은 판매시설과 교통시설이 지하로 들어가게 된다. 이러한 현상이 선진국에서는 이미 1세기 전부터 이루어져서 많은 편리함과 함꼐 많은 위험성도 내포하고 있다. 30여명이 순식간에 사망한 King's Cross 지하철역 화재사례는 이유용 방재시험소 소장이 구미 출장시 현지에서 긴급 입수한 자료를 요약 정리한 것으로 지하시대가 개막되는 우리나라에 많은 내용을 시사하고 있어 게재하고자 한다.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.57-61
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• 2010

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of functional packing materials on vase life and quality of Lilium Oriental hybrid 'Le Reve' and Rosa hybrida 'Fire King'. Lily and rose were stored at $5^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$ for two days after packing of 25% calcium or 36% wax coated package. When Lilium Oriental hybrid 'Le Reve' was stored in $5^{\circ}C$ after packing of 36% wax coated package, vase life and maintenance of freshness were improved by two days. But when Rosa hybrida 'Fire King' was stored in $5^{\circ}C$ or $20^{\circ}C$after packing of 25% calcium or 36% wax coated package, vase life and maintenance of freshness were not as effective as Lily. In our opinion, functional package seems useful in the storage of cut lily.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.8-21
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• 2011

This study surveyed historical records on outbreak and features of forest fires during Chosun Dynasty's 518 years in being and analyzed the Annals of the Chosun Dynasty; The Diaries of the Royal Secretariat, archives from Records of the Border Defense Council, The Compilation of Ministry Proposals, Posthumous Records of King Cholchong etc. Forest fires were most prevalent and extreme during King Hyunjong (14 cases) and King Sunjo (13 cases) due to strong wind, and the biggest-ever forest fire broke out in the fourth year of King Soonjo (1804) in the east coast of Korea in Kangwon province. The fire had resulted in 61 fatalities and 2,600 destroyed houses. Forest fire in the east coast of Korea, Kangwon province, in the $13^{th}$ year of King Hyeonjong (1672) is recorded to have caused the highest number of deaths, 65people. The most frequent cause of forest fires during Chosun Dynasty was unidentified (42 cases), followed by accidental fire (10 cases), arson or lightning (3 cases), fire during hunting (2 cases), play with fire by children, destruction of patty fields and dry fields by fire and house fire (1 case respectively). By region, 56 % of forest fires erupted in the east coast (39 cases) and this was followed by the west sea (9 cases), Seoul and central region (8 cases) and the southern part of Korea (7 cases). By season, spring was found to be most vulnerable to forest fire as it accounted for 73 % of the total amounting to 46 cases. Behind were summer (11 cases), winter (6 cases) and autumn (0 case). Specifically, most forest fire broke out on April and May, which is the same as today. Archives and literature indicate that the person who involved in forest fire by accidental as well as arson had to be punished by banishment, expulsion from government office and public hanging. Also, officials in charge of the region that suffered forest fire were subject to reprimand. In conclusion, risk and gravity of forest fires were evident during the Chosun Dynasty as specified in historical archives and share many similarities with today's forest fires in terms of the duration and regional patterns.

• Journal of Korean Historical Folklife
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• no.44
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• pp.7-37
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• 2014

The people of Silla was described as the descendants of Hwagwan(official of fire) on the tombstone of King Munmu(文武王), and Gim Yusin(金庾信) was described as the descendants of Shaohao Jintian(少昊 金天) and Huangdi Xuanyuan(黃帝 軒轅) on his tombstone. It says that the royal households of Silla and Gaya had common ancestor. Hwagwan was the official who took charge of fire management and the ritual for Antares(${\alpha}$ Sco) in ancient China. Hed founded State Ra(羅國). The name of Silla(新羅) means new State Ra, so he could become the ancestor of the people of Silla. He was the son of Zuanxu Gaoyang. State Gaya(加耶), the fatherland of Gim Yusin had been called Geumgwan-gug(金官國) which means the state of official of metal. Geumgwan was the son of Shaohao Jintian. Silla was the state of Hwagwan and the Gaya was the state of Geumgwan. Hwagwan, the founder of the royal household of Silla was the son of Zuanxu and Geumgwan, the founder of the royal household of Gaya was the son of Shaohao. Zuanxu and Shaohao was the descendants of Hwangdi, so Hwangdi was the common ancestor of Silla and Gaya. Finally Hwangdi became the same ancestor of Gim Yusin and King Muyeol(武烈王) who was the father of King Munmu. The tombstone of King Munmu and Gim Yusin manifests the union of the blood of Gim Yusin and King Muyeol. But it was not the fact but the rhetorical fiction.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.35-44
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• 2022

Although Changgyeong-gung was devastgated by Japanease invasion in 1592, it was restored during the reign of Gwanghaegun, had remembered of early Joseon danasty's architecturural order. It was destroyed several times by fire after that but was rebuilt immedieately. There are Donggol-do and Donggol-dohyeong, so we can fine the change of architectures in Changgyeong-gung. Jibbokheon(集福軒) and Yeongchunheon(迎春軒) are marked in another location and architectures in Donggon-do and Donggon-dohyeong. The reason has been known that it was rebuilt after the fire in 1830. As a result of reviewing the record of birth of crown prince Sado and movement of coffin of King Jeong-jo in funeral ceremony, it was confirmed that notation of Jibbokheon and Yeongchunhyeon was misprinted. In particular, Yeongchunheon confirmed the possibility that the existing building was built by extending it while applying the asymmetrical building with four-purlins structure method during the reign of King Jeongjo, and that it was reconstructed by moving Yeonyeonghap when it was destroyed by fire 1830. And although now Jibbokheon and Yeongchunhyeon(延英閤) are connected, nothern part of Jibbokheon did not burn in the fire, so it was judged that original architectural plan were maintained until now. The current building north of Jibbokheon was built before 1695 (21st year of King Sukjong), which was first identified in the Gunggeolji(宮闕志), and there is a possibility that it may have been a part of Janggyeongmun(長慶門) inner corridor built before 1633. The present building north of Jibbokheon has great architectural significance in that it maintains the structural method of the early Joseon Dynasty which was often applied to buildings with a small scale of inner palace.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.259-271
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• 2008

對人體上說, 喫的東西和進行消化作用是維持生命過程當中很重要過程之一. 這樣吸收水穀之物質一定須要水穀之消化而吸收, 然後能産成人體須要物質的精氣神血. 所以稱爲脾胃是'後天之本'. 還有胃就匯聚水穀而腐熟之處, 所以稱爲'水穀之海'. 在五行上脾胃是配列屬土, 消化過程換言之'火生土'的過程. 體內生理方面的火有兩種一爲君火和還有一個是相火. 已往韓醫學理論之消化是宋代許叔微主張的'命門火'理論. 他提到腎之'命門火'能腐熟水穀, 所以命門之火功能減少的話必導致消化功能也減少. 淸代醫家張錫淳在"醫學衷中參書錄"中說道'心君火'主消化而助'命門相火'的. 本論文是心的君火在消化過程中關於脾胃部分爲重點, 次之火生土之方面論述, 還有在心與消化之互相關係上討論.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.101-112
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• 2020

This study focuses on the construction of Gyeongbokgung Palace in the second year of King Gojong's reign, which has been spotlighted for political and economic history. The author analyzed the contents of wood procurement with the Yeonggeon Diary, which records each day of construction site. The results are as follows: First, the 2nd year of King Gojong's reign, Yeonggeon of Gyeongbokgung Palace, was a new building that reflected the old system and 270 years of changed environment on the existing site. Despite the poor economic conditions, it began with years of effort and voluntary volunteer work and dedication. Second, the priority of timber transport was recruiting people in the whole process and the supply and demand of transportation tools. Carrying lumber from the mountains to the riverside and floating it at the right time were all a matter of manpower. Soldiers and carts were used to carry timber that arrived in Hangang River to the construction site. The cart was a consumable product, so it was necessary to continuously use the wood to make cart at the site. Third, fire and flood were the biggest obstacles to the Yeonggeon schedule of Gyeongbokgung Palace. Especially the fire was fatal. It was difficult to extinguish the fire in temporary structure, where was the storage for wood to construct. These disasters greatly affected the construction cost and construction period. Wood procurements of Gyeongbokgung Palace were based on public offerings. At the same time, recycled materials from other palace wood and nearby houses, nationwide buying of private mountain wood, the logging of royal tombs and some of the buildings of Gyeonghui Palace and Changgyeong Palace were relocated.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.155-170
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to understand the architectural space of Donggung(東宮), the Prince's Palace, and Dongjo(東朝), the King's Mother and Queen's living space, in the early Joseon Dynasty. The Royal palace can be divided into three parts, political space for king, living space for king and his family and government office. So first, we should to understand the characteristics of each space in the Royal Palace. Up to now we have looked at the architectural space of Donggung(東宮) and Dongjo(東朝) in Gyeongbokgung(景福宮), one of the Royal Palace, the result of this study is as followings. Donggung which was living space for Prince consisted of Jaseondang(資善堂), Seunwhadang(承華堂) and Kyejodang(繼照堂) in the era of King Sejong Kyejodang was demolished and Seunwhadang was destroyed by fire in King Jungjong era and was not rebuilded. This buildings The buildings consisted of Jeondang, Whudang, main gate, hapmun(閤門) and corridor or fence Donggung and Dongjo was separated wall Dong consisted of many buildings for Queen dowager, Queen and many royal concubines The arrangement of Donggung and Dongjo was assumed like as the Fig2.