• Title/Summary/Keyword: kinds of sugar

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Composition of Food Groups Appropriate for Evaluation of Diet Quality of Korean Adolescents -Based on Kant's Minimum Amount- (한국 청소년의 식사의 질 평가에 적절한 식품군의 조성 -Kant의 최소량에 기초하여-)

  • Um, Ji-Sook;Park, Min-Young;Chung, Young-Jin
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.39 no.6
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    • pp.560-571
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    • 2006
  • The purpose of this study was to determine composition of food groups appropriate for the evaluation of the quality of total diet or food guide, using the data from the 1998 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Twenty-four-hour-dietary recalls of total 1,110 Korean adolescents aged 13 - 19 years (male 543, female 567) were analyzed for food group consumed (Dietary Diversity Score, DDS), intake patterns of food group, mean index of nutritional quality (mINQ) and nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR). Considering Korean food pattern different from the Americans, this study is to check if Korean 5 food groups with both of oil & sugar group and vegetable & fruit group, and a minimum amount of 30 g in grain group and 15 g in meat group modified from Kant's minimum amount, 15 g in grain and 30 g in meat, could also be appropriate for the diet evaluation of Korean adolescents. Combination of food group and minimum food intake per each food group used in the first trial were categorized into 6 kinds of types: 1) American 5 food groups with Kant's minimum amount as control or 2) American 5 food groups with modified Kant's minimum amount 3) Korean 5 food groups excluded by sugar with the modified amount 4) Korean 5 food groups with modified amount 5) American food groups added oil group with the modified amount 6) American food groups added oil & sugar group with the modified amount. In case of oil group or oil and sugar group, 5 g was quoted for the minimum amount. Correlation between DDS and indices of other diet quality in each type of food group composition were analyzed and the best food group composition was traced by comparing the correlation coefficients of DDS and mINQ or MARs at ${\alpha}\;<\;0.01$. There was no meaningful difference in weight length index of the subjects of eating or not-eating oil or oil & sugar, while the values of mINQ showed higher in the subjects eating oil but no difference in the subjects eating oil & sugar, compared to the group not-eating, respectively. In comparison of type 1 and type 2, correlation between DDS and indices of other diet quality showed higher in type 1 using Kant's amount. And comparing the type of a combined group of fruit & vegetable (type 3 and 4) and the type of separated group of fruit and vegetable (type 5 and 6). six groups of separated vegetable and fruit showed the higher correlation of DDSs and indices of diet quality. In case of being classified into six groups with oil, DDS showed correlation of r = 0.293 with INQ. While, being classified into six groups with oil & sugar instead of oil only, DDS showed correlation of r = 0.249 with INQ. Accordingly the type 5 with oil is regarded as the better food group type than the type 6 with oil & sugar. Since better result was shown in the composition of six groups with Kant's minimum amount, the comparative analysis on both of type1 with oil and oil & sugar was finally performed. Then oil added type 1 showed higher correlation of DDS and indices of diet quality. These result indicated that it would be more appropriate to use six food groups with separate vegetable and fruit including oil group (oil-added type 1) rather than oil & sugar group for evaluation of dietary quality of Korean adolescents using DDS.

The Effect of Delayed Compaction on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Soil-Cement Mixtures (지연다짐이 Soil-Cement의 압축강도에 미치는 영향)

  • 정일웅;김문기;도덕현
    • Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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    • v.28 no.4
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    • pp.66-76
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    • 1986
  • This study was attempted to investigate the effects of delayed compaction on the unconfined compressive strengh and dry density of Soil-cement mixtures. Soil-cement construction is a time-consuming procedure. Time-delay is known as a detrimental factor to lower the quality of soil-cement layer. A laboratory test was performed using coarse and fine weathered granite soils. The soils were mixed with 7% cement at optimum moisture content and excess moisture content in part. Socondary additives such as lime, gypsum-plaster, flyash and sugar were tried to counteract the detri-mental effect of delayed compaction. The specimens were compacted by Harvard Miniature Compaction Apparatus at 0,1,2,4,6 hors after mixing. Two kinds of compactive efforts(9 kgf and 18 kgf tamper) were applied. The results were summarized as follows: 1.With the increase of time delay, the decrease rate of dry density of the specimen compacted by 9 kgf tamper was steeper than that of the specimen compacted by 18kgf tamper. In the same manner, soil-B had steeper decreasing rate of dry density than soil-A. 2.Based on the results of delayed compaction tests, the dry density and unconfined compressive sterngth were rapidly decreased in the early 2 hours delay, while those were slowly decreased during the time delay of 2 to 6 hours. 3.The dry density and unconfined compressive strength were increased by addition of 3% excess water to the optimum moisture content during the time delay of 2 to 6 hours. 4.Without time delay in compaction, the dry densities of soil-A were increased by adding secondary additives such as lime, gypsum-plaster, flyash and sugar, on the other hand, those of soil-B were decreased except for the case of sugar. 5.The use of secondary additives like lime, gypsum-plaster, flyash and sugar could reduce the decrease of unconfined compressive strength due to delayed compaction. Among them, lime was the most effective. 6.From the above mentioned results, several recommendations could be suggested in order to compensate for losses of unconfined compressive strenght and densit v due to delayed compaction. They are a) to use coarse-grained granite soil rather than fined-grained one, b) to add about 3% excess compaction moisture content, c) to increase compactive effort to a certain degree, and d) to use secondary additives like line gypsum-plaster, flyash, and sugar in proper quantity depending on the soil types.

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Processing of Low Sugar Jams from Fig Pulp Treated with Pectinesterase (저당성 무화과 잼의 제조)

  • Hou, Won-Nyoung;Kim, Myoung-Hwa
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.30 no.1
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    • pp.125-131
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    • 1998
  • The change of pectinesterase (PE) activity and pectin substances in fig fruit were investigated and low sugar jams prepared by various methods from fig fruit were compared. Fig fruit PE, which began to show the activity at the harvest time, was not inactivated and had slight activity during frozen storage at $-25^{\circ}C$. The amount of alcohol insoluble solid (AIS) and the degree of esterification (DE) of AIS were reduced by its own PE activity. However the intrinsic PE of fig fruit was not enough to make low-methoxyl pectin below 50% of DE. Fig pulp treated by its own PE and combination of fig PE and orange PE could make low-methoxyl pectin. After PE treatments, fig pulp adjusted below pH 4.0 by addition of citric acid kept red colour. Fig Jams processed by various methods had lower soluble solid $(31{\sim}49^{\circ}Brix)$ compared with conventional fig jam. Five kinds of fig jams out of those showed higher score than others in the sensory evaluation. For preparation of the five jams, the fig pulps with or without 1% pectin were treated at $50^{\circ}C$ for 25 minutes with addition of orange PE (200 units/400 g pulp). The treated pulps were added with 0.25% citric acid, 0.7% calcium and 20% cane sugar. The mixed pulps were prepared for jams containing low sugar by hot plate or microwave or refrigeration (excepting the mixed pulp without pectin).

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A Study on the Comparison Among Korea, China and Japan Food Cultures (II) - From 14C to 19C, on the Daily foods - (한(韓).중(中).일(日)의 식생활문화(食生活文化) 비교연구(比較硏究) (II) - $14{\sim}19$세기, 일상식품(日常食品)을 중심(中心)으로-)

  • Ahn, Myung-Soo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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    • v.12 no.3
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    • pp.353-364
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    • 1997
  • A study was carried out to compare the daily foods which were eaten during $14{\sim}19$ century among Korea (Chosun dynasty), China (Ming, thing dynasty), and Japan (Muromachi, Edo era). Specially, in Ming, Ching dynasty, Noodles and dumpling were cooked very often and in Muromachi, Edo era, many kinds of beans were used so much, and there were many kinds of steamed rice to compare with Korea and China. Also, in Japan at these era Woodong, Morisoba, and Somyen were used as favorite foods harbitually. 1. The crops were used as staple foods in three countries such as steamed rice, gruel, noodle, dumpling, rice cake etc. commonly. 2. In Chosun, a roe deer, deer, antelope, and wild boar were more favoite dishes than cow, chicken, and dog, generally people enjoyed to eat pork and chicken. In Ming Ching, pork, chicken, goose, dove, lamb, ass, and duck were used as food materials, also wild animals such as deer, rabbit, and monkey etc. were used. In Muromach era, wild animal as racoon dog, otter, deer, antelope, bear, were used as food materials, in early Edo era (Yayoi and Momoyama), beef and pork were used as daily foods but they were eaten decreasingly in Edo era. So in Japan at those era, the dishes prepared of fishes were more than those of meats. For example, Sushi was made from that time, people all over the world are enjoying to have Sushi at present time. 3. Also in these era, many kinds of vegetables and fruits were used in three countries, and new kinds of vegetables and fruits were introduced from foreign countries, for example, red pepper, pumpkin, sweet potato, potato in Korea, corn, sweet potato, red pepper in China, and water melon, pumpkin, corn, red pepper, marmellow, sweet potato, sugar beet in Japan.

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Texture Characteristics of Seokibyung as affected by ingredients (석이병의 재료배합비에 따른 Texture특성)

  • 황미경;이효지
    • Korean journal of food and cookery science
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    • v.9 no.3
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    • pp.198-203
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    • 1993
  • The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect the Seokibyung, when the ingrdients were changed in a variety aspects ; the amount of Seoki flour to rice flour, and several kinds of sweeteners such as sugar, honey and syrup and condition of water. The evaluation of these result were as followings ; 1. According to sensory evaluation, the, flavor, grain, softness, moistness, chewiness, sweetness, overalquality of Seokibyung were the most excellent the mixture of 60g sugar, 280g rice flour, 70g glutious rice flour and 10.5g seoki flour mixed in 90$m\ell$ boiled water. 2. According to Instron evaluation that the higer level resulted to the left to the right treatment that Hardness : syrup, honey, sugar Cohesiveness : honey, syrup, sugar, Adhesiveness : syrup, honey, sugar Gumminess : honey, syrup, sugar Springness : honey, sugar, syrup, Chewiness : honey, syrup, sugar. there was no significant difference among the three treatment groups in each experimental group. 3. The Color & color difference evaluation_that Overall color difference was sugar, honey, syrup in turn. 4. percentages of moisture of honey-added, sugar-added and syrup-added Seokibyung were 42.49%, 41.45% and 36.73% respectively.

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A Study of the Physical Characteristics of Backsulgi by the Amount of Water and Some Kinds of Sweeteners (당의 종류와 물의 첨가량에 따른 백설기의 물리적 특성에 관한 연구)

  • Yoo, Ahe-Ryoung;Lee, Hyo-Gee
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.381-388
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    • 1984
  • The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the amount of water and several kinds of sweeteners on the texture such as grain appearance, softness, moistness, chewiness, cohesiveness, gumminess and elasticity of Backsulgi when one manufactures Backsulgi. Different amount of water of 30 ml, 60 ml and 90 ml/350 g of powdered rice and such sweetners as sugar, honey and syrup were employed for the experimental treatments. The evaluation of these results were dependent on statistical data of some scores that were obtained through sensory evaluation and Instron Universal Testing Machine. According to this sensory evaluation, the texture of Backsulgi was more affected by the change of water quantity than that of sweeteners. Judging from the results of Instron Universal Testing Machine, it was found that there were no statistically significant differences in each treatment of the cohesiveness, elasticity and hardness of Backsulgi, but some statistically significant difference was observed in each treatment of the gumminess and chewiness of Backsulgi(p<0.05).

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Quantitative Analysis of Free Amino Acids and Free Sugars in Steamed and Roasted Green Tea by HPLC (HPLC에 의한 증제와 볶음 녹차 중의 유리 아미노산과 유리당의 정량)

  • Ko, Young-Su;Lee, In-Sook
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.14 no.3
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    • pp.301-304
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    • 1985
  • Changes of free amino acids and free sugars in steamed and roasted green tea were determined after heat treatment at $110^{\circ}C$. Sixteen kinds of free amino acids and four kinds of free sugar were analyzed by HPLC. Free amino acids isolated were aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, lysine and arginine. Free sugars were sucrose, glucose, fructose, and raffinose. After the heat treatment, free amino acids and free sugars were decreased considerably.

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Antioxidative Effects of Korean Bamboo Trees, Wang-dae, Som-dae, Maengjong-juk, Jolit-dae and O-juk (한국산 왕대, 솜대, 맹종죽, 조릿대 및 오죽의 항산화 효과)

  • Lee, Min-Ja;Moon, Gap-Soon
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.35 no.6
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    • pp.1226-1232
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    • 2003
  • Bamboo trees have been used for a long time as folk remedies for treatment of hypertension and stroke symptoms in Oriental regions. These pharmaceutical effects of bamboos look like to be related to its antioxidant capacity and phytochemicals in bamboos. To evaluate the antioxidative effects of bamboo trees, five kinds of bamboo varieties dominant in Korean peninsular were chosen and determined its total antioxidaive activities, free radical scavenging activities and nitrite scavenging activities by TEAC (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity) assay, DPPH and Griess reagent assay using in vitro system, respectively. To evaluate the correlation between antioxidative activities and Maillard reaction during hot water extraction, contents of reducing sugar and total nitrogen and brown color intensity at 420 nm were determined. When total antioxidative activities, free radical scavenging activities and nitrite scavenging activities of five kinds of bamboo trees were compared, wang-dae (Phyllostachys bambusoides S. et Z.) showed the strongest effect among samples, although all kinds of extracts showed relatively strong effects against oxidation. The bamboo culms extract showed stronger antioxidative effects than that of bamboo leaves. In each fraction obtained from 70% ethanol extract, antioxidative effect were increased in order of dichloromethane>ethyl acetate>butanol>water>hexane fraction. In reducing sugar analysis of extracts, reducing sugar contents of water extracts were higher than that of 70% ethanol extracts and wang-dae water extract showed the highest level which was 708.92 mg/g. Total nitrogen contents of the extracts were $1.785{\sim}2.605\;mg%$ and contents in water extracts were lower than that in 70% ethanol extracts. Brown color intensity at 420 nm showed similar tendency with results in reducing sugar contents.

Manufacturing and Physicochemical Properties of Wine using Hardy Kiwi Fruit (Actinidia arguta) (다래를 이용한 발효주의 제조 및 이화학적 특성)

  • Park, Kyung Lok;Hong, Sung Wook;Kim, Young Joon;Kim, Soo Jae;Chung, Kun Sub
    • Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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    • v.41 no.3
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    • pp.327-334
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    • 2013
  • For the development of hardy kiwi wine, we arranged for the post-maturity of hardy kiwi fruit, treated them with calcium carbonate and a pectinase enzyme complex, investigated the resulting physicochemical properties and conducted a sensory evaluation. The period determined for creating post-maturity in the hardy kiwi fruit was determined as 5 days storage at room temperature following maturity. During this time the yield of fruit juice was increased from 22.1% to 53.5% using 0.1% (v/v) cytolase PCL5 for 2 h at room temperature. 0.1% (w/v) calcium carbonate was also added during the process of aging, for the reduction of the sour taste. The fermentation trial of the hardy kiwi wine was prepared using water (25% or 50%), sugar ($24^{\circ}brix$), 0.1% (w/v) $CaCO_3$, 0.1% (v/v) cytolase PCL5, $K_2S_2O_5$ (200 ppm), and yeast ($1.5{\times}10^7$ cell/ml). Fermentation then occurred for 2 weeks at $20^{\circ}C$. The pH value, total acidity, alcohol, and reducing sugar content of the resulting hardy kiwi wines of 25% (v/w) and 50% (v/w) water, were in a range of pH 3.4-3.7, 1.12-1.21%, 14.3-14.4%, and 15-16 g/l, respectively. Citric acid and fructose constituted the major organic acids and the free sugar of the 25% and 50% hardy kiwi wine, respectively. Volatile flavor components, including 10 kinds of esters, 8 kinds of alcohols, 5 kinds of acids, 3 kinds of others and aldehydes, were determined by GC analysis. The results of sensory evaluation demonstrated that 50% hardy kiwi wine is more palatable than 25% hardy kiwi wine.

A Study of Cookery of Daily Meal (Bankwa Sang: Fruit Table) in Wonheng Ulmyo Jungri Euigwae (1795) (원행을묘정리의궤(園行乙卯整理儀軌) 중(中) 조리면(調理面)에서 본 반과상고(盤果床考))

  • Kim, Sang-Bo;Han, Bok-Jin;Lee, Sung-Woo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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    • v.5 no.1
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    • pp.1-41
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    • 1990
  • To analyze dialy meal of royal meal, studied Bankwa Sang(Fruit Table) were on record Wonheng Ulmyo Jungri Euigwae (1795). Historic book 'Jungri Euigwae' described the king's visit to his father's royal tomb 'Hyun Neung Won', during the domain of Cheung Jo, the 22nd king of Choson Dynasty. The results obtained from this study areas follows. The fruit table, which similar in concept to desert in the west but quite different in service, was prepared for a guest. The table consisted of two kinds of trays, on which serveral kinds of fruit were stacked to a height of between 4 chon (4寸 : about 12 cm) and 1 chuk(1尺 : about 30.3 cm) according to Korean measurement system. The table was decorated with beautiful artificial flowers made of paper and silk. The number of sets to be arranged on the table were different according to the royal status of the eater: 12 sets-25 sets for king's mother, 7 sets-11 sets for the king. Soy sauce mixed with vinegar and pine-nu meal, mustard were ruled out from kind of sets. Kinds of dishes served with a meal generally were noodles (麵), soup (湯), fried fish (煎油花), fried meats and vegetables (花陽灸), slices of raw fish (魚膾), minced raw meat (肉膾), slices of boiled beef (片肉), stew (蒸), rice cake (餠), sweet rice dish (藥飯), patterned savory cake (茶食), fried cake made of wheat flour, honey and oil (藥果), fried glutinous rice cake (强精), various fruits preserved in honey (正果), sugar candies (各色糖), fruits (果物) honey (淸), soy sauce mixed with vinegar and pine-nut meal (醋醬), mustard (莽子).

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