• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.267-274
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• 2008

There are many kinds of anti-oxidant materials in natural plant resources. The Siberian ginseng and Eucommia are well known as anti-oxidant and medicinal plants. To investigate the effect of their anti-oxidant-like activity on telomere quantity and egg quality, diets containing Siberian ginseng leaf and Eucommia leaf at 0.5% and 1% were given Hyline Brown commercial laying hens during two periods of age: 20 to 30 wks and 60 to 70 wks. The amount of telomere in lymphocyte, liver, ovary, heart and lung was analyzed by quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization using telomeric DNA probe. Egg weight, albumin height, Haugh unit, egg yolk color, egg shell color, egg shell thickness, egg shell weight and egg shell density were measured to analyze egg quality. The chickens consuming diets Siberian ginseng and Eucommia had higher telomeric DNA in lymphocytes than control chickens in younger layers whereas no significant differences were detected in all target cells analyzed from older layers. Egg quality was increased in younger hens with dietary supplementation as determined by egg weight, albumin height and Haugh unit but there were no effects in older hens. These results imply that dietary supplementation of Siberian ginseng and Eucommia in layers improves bio-activity and egg quality at early laying stage.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.165-172
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• 2016

Mallard and Spot-billed ducks that are typical wintering water birds use the wide rice field in the center of the water system as a wintering ground. I try to figure out the daily movement distance from Home-Range to wintering ground for mallard and spot-billed ducks in Mangyunggang, Dongjingang where located in central region. In 2015 wintering period by using a Cannon-net, I attached WT-300 to 5 mallard and 5 spot-billed ducks. Daily movement distance is an overall average 0.89km, the largest distance was 31.09km. Daily movement distance of mallard was 0.97km, the largest distance was 28.78km. Daily movement distance of Spot-billed ducks was 0.80km, the largest distance was 33.39km. Home-Range analysis is used by the SHP files that is compatible with GIS and ArcGIS 9.0 Animal Movement Extension, it was analyzed using the Minimum Convex Polygon Method (MCP) and the Kernel Density Estimation (KDE). The behavior rights of two kinds of ducks was $490.34km^2$ by Minimum Convex Polygon Method (MCP) ($SD=311.20km^2N=10$), an important habitats Kernel Density Estimation (KDE 50%) was $42.24km^2$. Home-Range of Mallard (MCP) was $568.02km^2$, it is wider than home-range(MCP) of spot-billed duck $397.13km^2$ relatively, the core habitats of mallard is $53.05km^2$, it is wider than mallard's core habitats(KDE 50%) $29.26km^2$ relatively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.421-432
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• 2003

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of processing methods of corn grains on protein and starch degradability in the rumen by three ruminally cannulated dry Holstein cows. The corns for these experiments were untreated; whole corn L(density; 660 g/$\ell$), whole corn H(density; 740 g/$\ell$), and treated by four different types: Ground corn, 3.8 mm, 2.8 mm, and 1.5 mm flaked corn. The results obtained were summarized as follows: For 48 hrs, the protein degradabilities were high in order, ground corn, 1.5 mm, 2.8 mm, and 3.8 mm flaked corn(82.6, 76.5, 64.5, and 33.9%, respectively). Flaked corn grains were degraded lower than ground corn. However, as increasing the processing degree of flaking, the protein degradabilities, from 4 hrs to 48 hrs, were increased. The starch degradabilities on 48 hrs were higher in 1.5 and 2.8 mm flaked corns, ground corn, 3.8 mm flaked corn(99.1, 91.5, 89.5, and 68.9%, respectively) than whole corn L(32.0%) and whole corn H(20.5%)(P<0.05). By increasing the processing degree of flaking, the protein degradabilty between 2.8 mm and 3.8 mm was increased significantly from 68.9% to 91.5%, however, that of 1.5 mm flaked corn, processed thinner, tended to be increased slightly, but was not significantly different. From 12 hrs to 24 hrs, whole corn L was degraded little more than whole corn H in starch, was not significantly different. However, after 48 hr incubation in the rumen, whole corn L was degraded more 50% than whole corn H(P<0.05). The value of degradation parameter “a” of protein was lower in all flaked corns than in ground corn. In contrast, the value of degradation parameter “a” of starch was significantly higher in all flaked corns than in ground corn(P<0.05). It seemed that by flaking the corn grains, starch particles were gelatinized, and then, starch was degraded more rapidly, while protein was degraded more slowly. Referring to these kinds of physical characteristics of grain sources in ruminal degradabilities, it is possible to synchronize the fermentation of nitrogen and carbohydrate sources, in formulating the cattle diets.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2023

This experiment was carried out to examine double cropping system using Italian ryegrass (IRG) 'Kowinearly', whole crop rice 'Yeongwoo' and barnyard millet 'Jeju native' during the Oct. 2020 to Oct. 2022. Three kinds of forage crops were cultivated at paddy field in Livestock Institute, Jeollanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jeollanamdo, South Korea. Whole crop rice (WCR) was sown in late May and barnyard millet (BM) sown early June each year after harvesting IRG. We examined dry matter yield and feed value of forage crops depending on harvest time of forage crops during the experimental period. The plant height in heading stage of IRG ranged from 108 to 112cm and dry matter yield ranged from 6,783 to 11,530 kg ha^-1. The crude protein (CP) of IRG ranged from 6.0 to 8.44%, acid detergent fiber (ADF) ranged from 55.6 to 60.2% and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ranged from 32.58 to 36.7%, The dry matter yield of WCR increased as the harvest stage was delayed (14,310 kg ha^-1 in milk, 16,167 kg ha^-1 in yellow ripen, and 18,891 kg ha^-1 in mature). Similar to results of dry matter yield of WCR, dry matter yield of BM increased as the harvest stage was delayed (11,194 kg ha^-1 in late heading. and 14,308 kg ha^-1 in mature), However nutrient content of WCR and BM showed a decreasing trend. As shown in above results, the productivity of WCR after harvesting IRG was shown to be high at paddy field in the southern region. However, BM also was appeared to have potential as summer forage crops.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.433-442
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• 2003

The objective of these studies were to examine the effects of processing methods of corn grains on in vitro dry matter digestability and in sacco degradability in the rumen by three ruminally cannulated dry Holstein cows. The corns for these experiments were untreated; whole corn L(density; 660 g/$\ell$), whole corn H(density; 740 g/$\ell$), and treated by four different types: Ground corn, 3.8 mm, 2.8 mm, and 1.5 mm flaked corns. The results obtained were summarized as follows: The DM degradabilities, after 48 hr incubation by in sacco method, were the highest(94.4, 88.0 and 87.0%, respectively) in 1.5 mm flaked corn, ground corn, and 2.8 mm flaked corn. The 3.8 mm flaked corn was degraded significantly lower than these. Until 12 hr incubation, whole corn L tended to be degraded little more than whole corn H, was not significantly different. However, after 24 hr incubation, the significant differences between whole corn L and whole corn H were shown(P<0.05). The DM digestabilities by in vitro digestion were the highest for 1.5 mm flaked corn and ground corn(92.3 and 91.2%, respectively)(P<0.05), followed by 2.8 mm and 3.8 mm flaked corn(83.9 and 83.4%, respectively), tended to be similar to those by in sacco method. Whole corn L was digested twice more rapidly than whole corn H. Summarizing the experimental data, compared with unprocessed corns, the flaked corns were significantly increased in the degradabilities of dry matter in the rumen. In addition, as increasing the flaking degree of corn, the degradabilities of dry matter were significantly improved. Referring to these kinds of physical characteristics of grain sources in the ruminal degradabilities, it is believed to be possible to optimize the environment of the fermentation in the rumen.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.327-334
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• 2013

For the development of hardy kiwi wine, we arranged for the post-maturity of hardy kiwi fruit, treated them with calcium carbonate and a pectinase enzyme complex, investigated the resulting physicochemical properties and conducted a sensory evaluation. The period determined for creating post-maturity in the hardy kiwi fruit was determined as 5 days storage at room temperature following maturity. During this time the yield of fruit juice was increased from 22.1% to 53.5% using 0.1% (v/v) cytolase PCL5 for 2 h at room temperature. 0.1% (w/v) calcium carbonate was also added during the process of aging, for the reduction of the sour taste. The fermentation trial of the hardy kiwi wine was prepared using water (25% or 50%), sugar ($24^{\circ}brix$), 0.1% (w/v) $CaCO_3$, 0.1% (v/v) cytolase PCL5, $K_2S_2O_5$ (200 ppm), and yeast ($1.5{\times}10^7$ cell/ml). Fermentation then occurred for 2 weeks at $20^{\circ}C$. The pH value, total acidity, alcohol, and reducing sugar content of the resulting hardy kiwi wines of 25% (v/w) and 50% (v/w) water, were in a range of pH 3.4-3.7, 1.12-1.21%, 14.3-14.4%, and 15-16 g/l, respectively. Citric acid and fructose constituted the major organic acids and the free sugar of the 25% and 50% hardy kiwi wine, respectively. Volatile flavor components, including 10 kinds of esters, 8 kinds of alcohols, 5 kinds of acids, 3 kinds of others and aldehydes, were determined by GC analysis. The results of sensory evaluation demonstrated that 50% hardy kiwi wine is more palatable than 25% hardy kiwi wine.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1309-1316
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• 2004

We previously reported that the ethtyl acetate(EA) soluble fraction of Sophorae Radix(SR) water extract had the preventive effects against cardiovascular anaphylaxis elicited in experimental animals. In this study, we tested the anti-anaphylatic effects of the nine kinds of EA soluble subfractions in animal models such as Langendorff heart and anesthetized rats. These results were obtained as followed ; Among nine kinds of SR EA soluble subfractions, N10-16-2 and N10-16-9 fractions have an effects improving cardiovascular anaphylaxis in guinea pig Langendorff hearts. In passively anesthetized rats, N10-16-2 and N1 0-16-9 fractions of SR EA soluble subfractions have an effects improving cardiovascular anaphylaxis. N10-16-2 and N1 0-16-9 fractions of SR EA soluble subfractions inhibited the decrease of histamine release induced by compound 48180 and A-23187 in rat peritoneal mast cells. These results suggest that N10-16-2 and N10-16-9 fractions of SR EA soluble subfractions involve anti-anaphylactic molecules in cardiovascular system.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.131-160
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• 1987

Anatomical features of the renal papilla and pelvis and ultrastructures of the epithelium covering these areas in four species of mammals were studied by means of light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In terms of the morphology of mammalian kidney types distinguished by Sperber(1944), Pfeiffer(1968) and Schmidt-Nielsen(1977), the kidneys of animal species used in this experiment were; 1) the mouse kidney with the fornix between a long conical papilla and the funnel-shaped pelvis, 2) the guinea pig kidney with the peripelvic column and pelvic pouch between a short conical papilla and the funnel-shaped pelvis, 3) the dog kidney with the peripelvic column and pelvic pouch between the crest-shaped papilla and the funnel-shaped pelvis, and 4) the cattle kidney which is divided into multiple renculi with minor and major calyces and pelvis. The renal papilla was lined with the simple or pseudostratified columnar epithelium which covered the inner zone of the renal medulla. The epithelial cells with numerous short microvilli on the surface contained a few organelles. In the mouse, the fornix was lined with one to two cell-layered cuboidal epithelium which covered the outer zone of the renal medulla and a part of the cortex. The epithelial cells of the fornix with numerous short microvilli or microridges on the surface had well-developed organelles. In the guinea pig, the peripelvic column was lined with the simple cuboidal or low columnar epithelium which covered the outer zone of the renal medulla. The epithelial cells with numerous short microvilli on the surface contained well-developed organelles. The pelvic pouch was lined with the pseudostratified columnar epithelium which was composed of four kinds of cells; the secretory cell with small electron-dense granules (310 nm), the secretory cell with large granules (720 nm) showing various electron densities, the mitochondria-rich cell with a single cilium, and the basal cell. Pelves of the mouse and guinea pig, peripelvic column, pelvic pouch and pelvis of the dog, and minor and major calyces and pelvis of the cattle were lined with the transitional epithelium. The fusiform vesicles in the superficial cells of the epithelium were highly developed in the dog, relatively well developed in the mouse and guinea pig, and poorly developed in the cattle. From the above findings, it is suggested that the transport of solutes and water of the urine in the pelvic cavity can take place through the epithelia covering the renal papilla and fornix of the mouse, papilla and peripelvic column of the guinea pig, and papillae of the dog and the cattle. And specialized cell types in the epithelium of the guinea pig pelvic pouch, two kinds of secretory cells and mitochondria-rich cell with a single cilium, could have peculiar functions in the renal pelvis, respectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.290-296
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• 1984

In order to evaluate the effect of fish oil on lipogenesis, activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ( G6PDH ) and malic enzyme (ME) were measured in liver of rats fed mackered oil(MO) or eel oil (EO) for 10 to 14 days, at the various levels of 0 to 10% (w/w ). In addition to two kinds of fish oil, soybean oil (SO), lard (L), and beef tallow (BT) were fed to the different groups of rats. When fish oil was below 10%(w/w ), soybean oil, lard, or beef tallow was mixed with fish oil to maintain constant 10% (w/w) fat level. Three days of feeding MO brought a marked decrease$({\sim}{50}%)$ both in G6PDH and ME activity, the former of which maintained during 13 days of feeding. L group had highest levels of both enzymes. G6PDH activity of MO was lower than SO, but ME activity was not different between MO and SO. G6PDH activity was decreased with increasing content of fish oil (MO, EO), starting at the 2%(w/w) level of fish oil, when L or BT was used as filler oil. But ME activity was significantly reduced when fish oil content was at least 5%(w/w). Difference between the effects shown by two kinds of fish oil and animal species were also found. The present study suggests that fish oil can suppress hepatic lipogenesis by reducing activities of lipogenic enzymes with the same or higher degree than vegetable oil can exert.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.617-625
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• 2002

At present in many cases the methods of medical treatment in Oriental medicine Korea lays emphasis on internal use, but to improve the curative value and for the diversity of medical treatment it is desperately needed to study external medical treatment more deeply. From the viewpoint of medical science history, as various additives and new discoveries are developed this has made it easy to use and improved the curative value of it ; thus external medical treatment has been rapidly progressed both in quality and quantity. Therefore, in studying the external medical treatment, it is very important to know it's history. So, I intend to study the early external medical treatment first. The external medical treatments mentioned in the Mawangtew medical books (52Byeongbang, Yangsangbang, Japryobang, Taesanseo), Hwangjenaekyeong, and Geumgweyoryak which were written or presumed to be written in early times were examined to study the early external medical treatments. The parts of body or diseases in which external medical treatments were applied; the methods of external application and the administration of medicine; the number of prescriptions, and the herbs used are also examined. I came to the following conclusions as I compared the kinds of books with the itemized lists based on the results of examination. 1) Though Mawangtew medical books (52Byeongbang, Yangsangbang, Japryobang, Taesanseo) was written earlier than Hwangjenaekyeong and Geumgweyoryak, there are more incidents of the disease in which external medical treatments were applied, the methods of external application and the administration of medicine, the kinds of prescriptions , and the different herbs used in Mawangtew medical books than in Hwangjellaekyeong and Geumgweyoryak. 2) In the six medical books mentioned above there are more prescriptions for external diseases and dermatitis than for internal diseases. 3) From the viewpoint of the number of prescriptions, the most frequent use of a medicine type was a natural type of medicine. The second was ointment type, and the third was liquid type. A powder type was the fourth. 4) In the administration of medicine, combination types such as both pasting and plastering were used most frequently. 5) Vegetable, mineral and animal nature herbs were used diversely for the early external medical treatments. Things such as wine and vinegar were also used as a herb.