• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.195-203
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• 2016

Heavy metals have been analyzed on the non-woven from the 24 kinds of wet wipes and 8 kinds of mask packs. The following materials used in the non-woven according to each product are: rayon+polyester for the 12 wet wipe products, rayon+PET for the 5 wet wipe products, and rayon, cotton, rayon+polyester+cotton, pulp+polypropylene for the rest of the wet wipe products. No further information on the materials was found on the 3 wet wipes and 8 mask packs. However, polyester may be applied for the non-woven in wet wipes, because PET is part of the polyester group. The heavy metals analysis in the 24 kinds of wet wipes and 8 kinds of mask packs revealed the following: arsenic was found from $47.14{\pm}1.13$ to $71.75{\pm}1.64{\mu}g/L$ on the 3 products, the amount of nickel in the 2 products were $261.26{\pm}5.14$ and $1,242.63{\pm}43.71{\mu}g/L$, $53.69{\pm}1.45$ and $103.52{\pm}2.02mg/L$ on the 2 mask packs. It was also revealed that lead was detected from $7.23{\pm}0.32$ to $55.67{\pm}1.46{\mu}g/L$ on the 6 wet wipes, antimony was ranged from $187.86{\pm}5.24$ to $19,558.35{\pm}3,537.30{\mu}g/L$ on the 12 wet wipes, and $5.25{\pm}0.25$ and $8,936{\pm}55.22{\mu}g/L$ on the 2 mask packs. No cadmium, mercury, or thallium were detected from all the products. A high concentration of antimony might come from antimony trioxide, which was used as a catalyst when manufacturing the polyester. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that a non-woven used for cosmetic purposes should not use heavy metals as a catalyst when manufacturing, and it's important to clarify which materials are used in non-woven.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.211-227
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• 1985

The purpose of this study was to analyze the stress distribution and the displacement in the maxillary complex after the application of the three kinds of the head gear. (high pull head gear, straight pull head gear, cervical pull head gear.) Orthopedic force, 300 gram, was applied to the maxilla of the dry human skull in a high, straight and cervical direction. The stress distribution and the displacement within the maxillary complex was analyzed by a 3-dimensional finite element method. The results were as follow: 1. In won, the stress of conical pull head gear was the greatest stress and straight pull head gear was the medium stress and high pull head gear was the least stress. 2. The compressive stress was observed on the anterior portion of premaxilla, especially anterior nasal spine area, when the three kinds of head gear were applied to the dry kuman skull. 3. It appeared that the stress of the anterior portion of the zygomatic bone was greater than the posterior portion in the case of three kinds of head gear application and compressive stress was noted only at the below of the frontozygomatic suture of the zygomatic bone. 4. The backward, upward, sideward displacement of the alveolar area was observed in a high pull head gear application but in the case of straight pull head gear and cervical pull head gear application, the backward, downward, sideward displacement was observed. 5. The forward, downward, sideward displacement was observed on the midpalatine suture and premaxilla on the sagittal plane and transverse palatine suture in the case of three kinds of headgear application.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.91-109
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• 1991

The purpose of this study were to comfirm the effects of the thickness and kinds of porcelain, etchants, illumination time, elapsed time for the measurement, and chemical cure component to the bond strength of porcelain laminate and composite resin cement, and to compare the effects between the light cured resin and the dual cured resins. The etched porcelain surface, the sectioned surface crossing porcelain and resin after bonding, and the debonded surfaces were observed by the SEM. One product of laminate porcelain powder, one light cured resin and two dual cured resins were selected. Each resin cements are lightened through the thin porcelain disc which was cut from cylindrical porcelain specimen by the diamond saw, and by the light through the porcelain disc they were bonded. Changes of thickness and kinds of porcelain, etchants, illumination time, and the elapsed time for the measurement were considered as variables for the bond strength. And the bond strength of porcelain and dual cured resins under the conditions of autopolymerization or the removal of chemical cure component were measured and compared. Bond strength were measured by shear stress. The etched surface, the cross-sectioned surface, and the debonded surface of porcelain or resin were observed by SEM. On the summary of this study, the following conclusions can be stated; 1. Bond strength of light cured resin was decreased inversely by the thickened porcelain laminate and showed the lowest value to the masking dentin porcelain among 4 kinds of porcelain powder. 2. Bond strength of autopolymerization of dual cured resin without illumination in dark chamber were from 75% to 98% to the data of dual cured resin with illumination. 3. Bond strength of dual cured resin used without chemical cured components were same to them of light cured resin. 4. Cross-sectioned surface treated by silane did not show the gap between the porcelain and resin. 5. Illumination over 80 seconds did not make the significant increase of bond strength on all kinds of resin.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.36-58
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• 1999

We designed the model picture of Tourism Botanical Garden, as a kind of theme park, in which we could enjoy flowers all the year round and the glorious tints of its autumn foliage. It would be very important to decide what kinds of trees should be planted and where to plant them. We selected the appropriate flowers and trees according to their value of appreciation and flowering time and the grand view around there and the weather conditions of the central region. We selected perennial plants as native plants, according to their color, flowering time and for the convenience of maintenance. And we selected some kinds of culture plants to show the seasonal change and diversity, according to their color and flowering time. We adopted the roof-tile pattern of Pakjae Kingdom to design the basic model of the garden, and the area was divided into eight sections. Six of them were divided again into four small planting areas from the outside respectively, according to the kinds of trees; pine-tree area, native flowering plant area, flowering tree area and flowering shrub area. The last two sections are by a lake, so they could make a beautiful landscape of waterfront. For the effective and economic operation of the garden, some kinds of flower trees and shrubs, which are little damaged by blight and are needless to prune, were selected. And perennial plants were also selected, because we don't have to change them into other plants, so we could cut down the expenses. As for the culture plants, they could be easily replaced with other culture plants in the flowering time, to show seasonal change and the harmony with the scenery around the garden.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.156-165
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• 1997

Host plants and host preference of brown chafer, Adoretus tenuimaculatus Waterhouse (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) were investigated in fields and laboratory. 66 kinds of plants in 25 fanlilies were recorded as host during the field survey and 14 kinds in 5 families were verified to be eaten by artificial plant supply. Thus, host plants of A. tertuimaculatus were 186 kinds in 42 families in total including 136 kinds of plants in 32 families from literatures. 50 plants in 19 families were newly recorded as host of A. tenuimaculatus in this study. A. tenuimaculatus was the most frequently visited to J14glans sinensis and Caztanea crenata was the highest damaged plant. C. crenata, Robinia pseudoacasia, Malus sieboldii, J. sinensis, Quercus mongolica, and Q. aliena were considerably highly preferered host plant. However, A. tenuimaculatus never visited to Diospyros lotus, J. nigra, Fraxinus mandshurica, F. rhynchophylla, Pyracantha angustqolia, Paulownia coreana, and Celtis sinensis. Even the same host plant of A. tenuimaculatus. preference was different according to observed place and damage level was also different depending on observed place and time.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.21-36
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• 2005

New occupational types, suitable for the elderly, have been developed in order to extend job opportunities for that demographic. However, it was mainly done from the perspective of the urban elderly and did not take into account the rural elderly's needs and the special conditions in rural areas. Especially, as 53.4% of the rural elderly 60 years old and over has engaged in economic activities and 88.7% of them are working in the field of agriculture or forestry, the development on the new kinds of job for the rural elderly is more meaningful as secondary jobs rather than as new occupations. Therefore, this study aimed at developing the new kinds of occupation suitable for the rural elderly. For this purpose, data were collected from 279 elderly farmers 60 years old and over working currently or have ever worked in something other than farming work. Questionnaires were composed to measure preferences for jobs by work characteristics and evaluations on the appropriateness of the jobs for the elderly selected by the Ministry of Labor in Korea. The results showed that the rural elderly preferred work doing at home, together with the elderly, in groups, and light physical labor to technical or office work that must commute regularly. Also, they evaluated that most of the occupations suitable for the elderly announced by the Ministry of Labor were more suitable for the male than the female elderly. Based on these findings, this study selected 18 kinds of individual and 11 common jobs by sex. It may contribute to creating job opportunities for the rural elderly by applying it to the policy or extension, and to revitalizing the rural elderly's lives and increasing their incomes.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.182-187
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• 1996

Herbal and woody plants were surveyed in native and artifitial stands of experimental forest and stand within the vicinity of belongings facilities in Chungju Experimental Forest, Chungnam National University. Appearance species were classified and taken a photograph of. There were a total of 135 kinds, 60 familia, 113 genus, 123 species, 12 variatas. 49 kinds of them were herbs, 86 kinds were woody plants, and 7 kinds were evergreen trees. We try to solve the problem that species of plant could be sustained going on and be diversified.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.245-266
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• 2006

This study aims to explicate the properties of the existing xylographic books in Buddhism published in the old region of Yangju. Gyeonggi-do by investigating them and carrying out the analyses of them. For this, we have investigated, in addition to literature and xylographic bibles, Buddhist books which are now possessed by principal libraries and temples in Yangju. 99 kinds of Buddhist books had been published by 14 temples at the region of Yangju. It is in the late Chosun that Buddhist books in the region of Yangju were actively published. Bulamsa has published the greatest amount of 53 kinds of books. we can and out that Buddhist bibles were actively published, and uncanonical books and Esoteric Buddhist bibles with strong characteristics of worldly benedictions and Praja-Paramita emphasizing the thought of emptiness. As for publishing methods, 85 kinds of books were xylographic and 14 kinds of books were published with wooden types. There were direct and indirect supports from the ruling class on most of the temples that published Buddhist books. Temples happened to co-publish Buddhist books.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.16C no.2
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• pp.275-284
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• 2009

Fast development of network technology and digitalization of various kinds of information are accelerating the convergence of between them. Accordingly, an environment for integrated service is needed, where users can be provided with various kinds of information such as voice, video, and text, using even different kinds of devices in heterogeneous networks for communication and broadcasting. In general, enablers integrate several functions to provide with various services in application layer based on IMS in BcN including even different kinds of networks. But in order to receiving convergence services, we must reason the environment of the user through the profiles of the networks and the devices and provide a suitable service to the user. In this paper, we will propose an efficient architecture and functions of a context-aware module which decides the appropriate services based on the profiles in the IMS enabler and its convergence service environments.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.487-507
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• 1995

Composite resin repair requires strong bond strength between the new and old materials. The objective of the current study was to identify the optimal treatments for sufficient bond strengths. Bondings between same kinds of materials and cross bondings using chemical curing composites and light curing composites were tested. Surface treatments included the methods of sand-blasting, acid etching and coating of bonding agent. Seven kinds cases of combinations from three kinds of methods were experimented and compared with a control group of which surfaces were highly polished. Measurements of shear bond strength and observations of surface morphologic changes using a scanning electron microscope were done. Following conclusions were drawn : 1. The highest bond strength among composite resins were exhibited by the treatment of the sand-blasting and the coating of bonding agent. 2. Acid etched surfaces showed the lowest bond strength. Bond strengths obtained from experimental groups including acid etching were lower than those obtained from same kinds of experimental groups without acid etching. 3. Simple method of the coating of bonding agent produced the slightly increased bond strength on chemical curing composite and reduced bond strength on light curing composite. 4. Bonding surfaces of chemical curing composite resin showed slightly higher bond strengths than light curing composite resin, however significant differences were not confirmed statistically. 5. More significant irregular surfaces were created by sand-blasting method than acid etching method. 6. A principal component of fillers of both resins was silicon. Acid etching method produced the seperations and degradations of fillers, these were significant on light curing composite resins which containing barium fillers.