• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.125-138
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• 2010

Objective : The present study was examined to evaluate the effects of Ecliptae Herba on the production of inflammatory mediators in vivo and in vitro. Methods : In cell viability, all three doses of Ecliptae Herba extract (25, 50 and $100\;{\mu}g/ml$) had no significant cytotoxicity during the experimental period. The increases of NO production and iNOS expression were detected in LPS-activated cells compared to control, but these increases were dose-dependently attenuated by pre-treatment with Ecliptae Herba extract. Results : 1. LPS plays a pivotal roles in inducing to the massive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 in macrophages. 2. Ecliptae Herba extract reduced the elevated production of cytokines by LPS. 3. Ecliptae Herba extract reduced $PGE_2$ levels in a dose-dependent manner as a consequence of inhibition of COX-2 activity. 4. Ecliptae Herba extract significantly reduced the nuclear translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ induced by LPS. 5. In histopathological study, Ecliptae Herba effectively inhibited the increases of hind paw edema, skin thicknesses and inflammatory cell infiltrations induced by carrageenan treatment. Conclusions : These results provide evidences that therapeutic effect of Ecliptae Herba on the acute inflammation is partly due to the reduction of some of inflammatory factors by inhibiting iNOS and COX-2 through the suppression of $NF-{\kappa}B$.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.310-316
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• 2016

In this study, the anti-osteoarthritis effects of Cynanchum wilfordii, Phlomis umbrosa, and Angelica gigas extract (CPAE), observed and confirmed in previously clinical studies were further investigated by in vitro and in vivo studies. Anabolic biomarkers related to healthy cartilage maintenance, such as aggrecan, type II collagen ${\alpha}$-1 (Col2a1), sex determining region Y-box-9 (Sox-9), and catabolic biomarkers related to osteoarthritis, such as cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), matrix metalloproteinase-13 (Mmp13), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells ($Nf{\kappa}b$), were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and reporter gene assay. In vitro study results showed significant changes in both anabolic and catabolic biomarkers. For anabolic factors, significant changes in the level of aggrecan (P<0.05), Col2a1 (P<0.05), and Sox-9 (P<0.01) activation were shown after treatment of cartilage cells with CPAE (50 ng/mL) with similar efficacy compared to insulin growth factor, the positive control (100 ng/mL). For catabolic factors, significant changes in the inhibition activity of Cox-2 (P<0.05), Mmp13 (P<0.01), and $Nf{\kappa}b$ (P<0.05) were shown for CPAE (50 ng/mL) with similar efficacy compared to Celecoxib, the positive control ($10{\mu}M$). In the in vivo carrageenan-induced paw edema model study results showed that CPAE-treated groups (100 mg/kg) and Celecoxib-treated groups (60 mg/kg) showed comparably significant efficacy of inhibition by 37.1% and 52.1%, respectively. Furthermore, CPAE (200 mg/kg) showed similar effect to Celecoxib (60 mg/kg) with an inhibition rate of 54.3%. This result confirms that CPAE effectively inhibited the inflammation-induced osteoarthritis symptoms.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.2680-2686
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• 2009

The synthesis of a novel superabsorbent hydrogel with natural hybrid backbone via graft copolymerization of acrylamide (AAm) onto kappa-carrageenan (kC, as a polysaccharide) and gelatin (as a protein) under classic thermal conditions is described. The Taguchi method as a strong experimental design tool was used for synthesis optimization. A series of hydrogels were synthesized by proposed conditions of Qualitek-4 Software. Considering the results of 9 trials according to analysis of variance (ANOVA), optimum conditions were proposed. The swelling behavior of optimum hydrogel was measured in various solutions with pH values ranging from 1 to 13. In addition, swelling kinetics, swelling in various organic solvents, various salt solutions and On–Off switching behavior were investigated. The hydrogel formation was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetrical analysis (TGA). Surface morphology of the synthesized hydrogels was assessed by scanning electron microscope (SEM).

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.575-580
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• 2014

겔화제의 종류에 따른 겔상식품의 특성을 알아보고자 대조군인 한천첨가 양갱과 다양한 겔화제를 혼합 사용한 양갱을 제조하고 그 특성을 비교하였다. 첨가되는 겔화제의 특성은 최종 제품의 수분손실량, 색, 조직감 등의 물리적 특성에 크게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 덜 조밀하고 가장 불규칙적인 단면특성을 보이는 gellan 첨가 양갱은 수분 손실이 가장 크고, 가장 부드러우면서도 입에 들러붙는 부착성이 큰 특성을 보였다. 반면, LBG+carrageenan 겔의 혼합은 두 겔의 상호작용으로 단단한 겔을 만들기 때문에 이를 첨가한 양갱 역시 가장 단단한 경도를 보였다. 본 연구결과 고령자들은 너무 단단하지 않으면서도 응집성이 높고 탄력성이 있어 씹을 수 있는, 그러나 입에 들러붙는 부착성이 낮은 겔상 식품을 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 두 종류의 겔을 혼합하여 적절한 농도로 겔을 제조하면 경도, 부착성, 및 응집성 등의 조직감 특성을 다양화 할 수 있으므로 적절한 겔화제의 선택, 농도조절 등으로 고령자의 저작능력에 맞는 다양한 물성을 갖는 식품제조가 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.243-257
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• 2016

Objectives : Illicium verum Hook. f. has been known to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, analgesic, sedative, convulsive activities, it has been rarely conducted to evaluate the immuno-biological activity. The present study was examined to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of the Illicium verum Hook. f. water extracts (IVE) in vivo and in vitro. Methods : Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. The relative levels of NO were measured with Griess reagent. iNOS, COX-2, $NF-{\kappa}B$ and target proteins were detected by immunoblot analysis, and levels of cytokines were analyzed by ELISA kit. Anti-edema effect was determined in the carrageenan (CA)-induced paw edema model in rats. Results : All dosages of IVE used in MTT assay had no significant cytotoxicity. The increases of NO production and iNOS expression were detected in LPS-treated cells compared with control. However, these increases were attenuated by treatment with IVE. Also, IVE reduced the elevated production of $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6 by LPS. IVE inhibited the $p-I{\kappa}B$ and translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ to nuclear. Furthermore, IVE significantly inhibited the increases of hind paw swelling, skin thicknesses and inflammatory cell infiltrations induced by CA injection. Therefore, IVE will be favorably inhibited the acute edematous inflammations. Conclusion : These results provide evidences that anti-inflammatory effect of IVE is partly due to the reduction of some inflammatory mediators by suppression of $NF-{\kappa}B$ pathway.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.42-46
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• 2006

우유단백질과 검류의 혼합 첨가가 빵의 노화를 억제시키는데 사용될 수 있는지를 조사하기 위하여 이들 첨가한 밀가루의 amylogram, farinogram 그리고 extensogram을 측정하였다. 또한 우유단백질과 검류를 첨가한 반죽을 8주 동안 냉동 저장한 후 이 냉동반죽으로 식빵을 제조하고, 만든 당일과 $5^{\circ}C$에서 4일간 저장한 식빵의 수분함량 변화와 경도 변화를 측정하여 노화정도를 비교하였다. Amylogram 특성 중 우유단백질과 검류를 첨가한 밀가루의 호화 개시온도가 증가하였고 CA와 WA 첨가한 밀가루의 최고 점도가 대조구보다 낮았다. Farinogram 특성을 통해 우유단백질과 검류가 밀가루의 수분 흡수율을 증가시키는 것과 CA와 WA를 첨가할 경우 반죽 형성시간이 길어짐을 확인할 수 있었다. Extensogram 특성에서 밀가루의 신장도는 우유단백질과 검류를 첨가함으로써 낮아지는 현상을 보였다. 빵의 수분함량 변화를 살펴보면, 4일 저장기간 동안 모든 빵의 수분이 감소되는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 냉동저장 6주후부터는 대조구 빵의 수분함량이 우유단백질과 검류를 첨가한 빵보다 감소정도가 큰 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 빵의 경도 변화의 경우 또한 저장기간 동안 대조구 빵이 우유단백질과 검류를 첨가한 빵, 특히 CA와 WA를 첨가한 빵보다 높은 경도를 나타냈다. 이를 통해서 우유단백질과 검류를 첨가할 경우 반죽의 제빵 적성을 향상시켜주며 CA와 WA의 첨가는 빵의 노화를 지연시켜주는데 효과가 있는 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.101-120
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• 2019

PURPOSE : Euonymi Lignum Suberalatum (EL) is the stem fin of Euonymi alatus. In traditional Korean medicine, EL is used for treatment of uterine bleeding, metritis and static blood. Recently, many studies have reported several pharmacological effects of EL including anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic activity, and anti-oxidative stress. However, the mechanisms underlying anti-inflammatory effects by the EL is not established. METHODS : To investigate anti-inflammatory effects of Euonymi Lignum Suberalatum Water (ELWE), Raw 264.7 cells were pre-treated with $10-300{\mu}g/mL$ of ELWE, and then exposed to $1{\mu}g/mL$ of LPS. Levels of NO, IL-6, $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ were detected by ELISA kit. Expression of pro-inflammatory proteins were determined by immunoblot analysis. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect in vivo, rat paw edema volume, and expressions of COX-2 and iNOS proteins in carrageenan (CA)-induced rat paw edema model. RESULTS : NO production activated by LPS, was decreased by $30-300{\mu}g/mL$ of ELWE. Production of inflammatory mediators such as $TNF-{\alpha}$, ILs, $PGE_2$ were decreased by ELWE 100 and $300{\mu}g/mL$. In addition, ELWE reduced LPS-mediated iNOS and COX-2 expression. Moreover, ELWE increased $I-{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ expression in cytoplasm and decreased $NF-{\kappa}B$ expression in nucleus. In vivo study, ELWE reduced the increases of paw swelling, and expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins in paw edema induced by CA injection. CONCLUSION : The results indicate that ELWE could inhibit the acute inflammatory response, via modulation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation. Furthermore, inhibition of rat paw edema induced by CA is considered as clear evidence that ELWE may be a useful source to treat acute inflammation.

• 산업식품공학
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.72-78
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• 2017

전량 폐기되는 파지두부로부터 제조된 두부 페이스트와 14종의 NSP들을 혼합하여 도넛의 흡유저감에 대한 효과를 조사하였다. 두부 페이스트만을 첨가한 도넛(두부도넛)의 흡유저감율은 10.8%이었으나, 두부 페이스트와 NSP를 함께 사용하는 경우 도넛(NSP-두부도넛)의 흡유저감율은 두부도넛에 비해 향상되었다. 두부 페이스트와 함께 첨가된 NSP들의 흡유저감율에 대한 효과는 NaA가 41.2%로 가장 높았으며, HMP>XAT>CN10T = LMP = ALMP ${\lambda}C$>GG>LBG>${\iota}C$>${\kappa}C$>CN15U>GLG>CN40H 순으로 증가하였다. 또한 NSP 만을 흡유저감 소재로 첨가하였을 때보다 두부 페이스트와 함께 사용하는 것이 도넛의 흡유저감에 더욱 효과적이었고, 그 효과는 음이온성 검류들에서 뚜렷하였다. 유탕처리 시 두부 페이스트의 갈변으로 인해 두부 페이스트 및 두부 페이스트-NSP를 첨가한 도넛들은 대조군에 비해 명도가 감소하고 황색도가 증가하였으나 그 차이는 미미하였다. 두부 페이스트와 함께 NaA, ${\kappa}C$, LBG를 첨가하여 제조된 도넛의 비용적은 대조군과 유사한 수준을 나타내었다. 따라서 도넛의 흡유저감율과 비용적을 고려하면 두부 페이스트와 NaA를 흡유저감 소재로 함께 사용하는 것이 흡유저감 도넛을 제조하는데 가장 적합한 것으로 판단된다. 그럼에도 NaA 보다는 흡유저감율이 적지만 ${\kappa}C$과 LBG을 두부 페이스트와 혼합하여 사용하는 것도 차선책으로서 의미가 있을 것 같다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.82-86
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• 2008

The fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis have been previously reported to possess anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, the constituents including geniposide, geniposidic acid, genipin and crocin were evaluated for their effects on prostaglandin and NO production in an attempt to establish anti-inflammatory cellular mechanisms. Among the constituents tested, only genipin significantly inhibited cyclooxygenase-2-mediated $PGE_2$ and inducible nitric oxide synthase-mediated NO production from lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells at 10-100 ${\mu}$M. Genipin also inhibited nuclear transcription factor-${\kappa}B$ activation. Moreover, genipin showed in vivo antiinflammatory activity on ${\lambda}$-carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice (10.4-29.9% inhibition at 20-100 mg/kg, i.p.). All of these results suggest that genipin may contribute to anti-inflammatory activity of the fruits of G. jasminoides and an inhibitory action on prostaglandin and NO production is, at least, the part of anti-inflammatory mechanism of genipin.

• ALGAE
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.61-71
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• 2011

Thirty populations of Chondrus crispus Stackhouse from Nova Scotia were collected during the years 1993 to 2011. Taken from estuaries, wave exposed open coasts, high intertidal rock pools and shallow subtidal habitats, the populations were evaluated for relative abundance of tetrasporophytic and gametophytic life history phases. Over 2,800 thalli were characterized using the resorcinol-acetal test to distinguish the kappa- and lambda-carrageenan containing fronds of gametophytes and tetrasporophytes, respectively. These populations had $77{\pm}5%$ gametophytes (mean ${\pm}95%$ confidence interval), with most populations having gametophyte : sporophyte ratios ranging from 2 : 1 to 9 : 1. No population had a dominance of tetrasporophytes, although two populations had 1 : 1 ratios. A meta-analysis of our data along with previously published accounts showed no significant changes in gametophyte dominance with respect to hypothesized gradients of wave exposure, salinity, or water depth. Significant changes occurred in ratios at five sites where replicate sampling occurred in different years. We conclude that C. crispus in Maritime Canada has a natural ratio of 3 : 1 or greater in stable conditions, and that lower ratios represent recovery from disturbance in which bare substratum is created that is subsequently colonized by carpospores from remaining gametophytic thalli.