• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.864-870
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• 2010

This study was conducted to determine the effects of foliage plants on reducing indoor carbon dioxide ($CO_2$). Five foliage plants such as $Hedera$ $helix$ L., $Ficus$ $benjamina$ L., $Pachira$ $aquatica$, $Chamaedorea$ $elegans$, and $Ficus$ $elastica$ were selected and cultivated in two different growth medium (peatmoss and hydroball). Each plant was placed in an airtight chamber and then treated with the combinations of two different $CO_2$ concentrations (500 or 1,000 ppm) and two different light intensities (50 or $200{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$). The change of $CO_2$ concentration (ppm) in the airtight chamber during day and night was measured and then converted into the photosynthetic rate (${\mu}mol\;CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$). As the results, each foliage plant reduced $CO_2$ level in the airtight chamber for one hour by photosynthesis. $Pachira$ $aquatica$ and $Ficus$ $elastica$ absorbed $CO_2$ more effectively compared to the other plants. The plants exposed to higher $CO_2$ concentration (1,000 ppm) and higher light intensity ($200{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) showed more effective $CO_2$ elimination rate and photosynthetic rate. The plants that have wide leaves and big leaf areas such as $Pachira$ $aquatica$, $Hedera$ $helix$ L.,and $Ficus$ $elastica$ showed higher photosynthetic rate than the other plants that have smaller leaves. Released $CO_2$ concentration by respiration of the plants during the night was very low compared to the absorbed $CO_2$ concentration by photosynthesis during the day. There was no significant difference between peatmoss and hydroball medium on reducing $CO_2$ concentration and increasing photosynthetic rate. In conclusion, this study suggested that foliage plants can effectively eliminate indoor $CO_2$. Optimum environmental control in relation to photosyntheis and usage of right indoor foliage plants having lots of leaves and showing active photosynthesis even under low light intensity like indoor light condition would be required to increase the elimination capacity of indoor $CO_2$.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.666-672
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• 2014

The effect of nitric oxide (NO) treatment on the quality of kiwifruit, cv. Hayward, was studied at room temperature after cold storage for one or three months at $0^{\circ}C$. Kiwifruits cold-stored for one month were treated with $200{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NO and subsequently transferred to room temperature to monitor quality changes over the course of their shelf life. Weight loss was high in fruits not treated with NO. Ethylene production was delayed for two days by NO treatment, and respiration rate was reduced to less half than that of the control. The kiwifruits stored for three months were treated with $N_2$ and 100, 200, or $500{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NO, or air alone. The highest weight loss was observed in kiwifruit treated with $100{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NO. While ethylene production was high in fruits treated with $100{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NO and without the treatment, it was relatively low in the kiwifruit treated with 200 and $500{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NO. Firmness was abruptly decreased in fruits not treated with NO, while the kiwifruit exposed to $200{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ NO maintained the s ame level of f irmness for 9 days a t room t emp erature. In addition, growth o f Botrytis cinerea was inhibited by NO as compared with the air and $N_2$ treatments. Our findings indicate that NO can be used effectively for prolonging shelf life and maintaining fruit quality during distribution after cold storage. The optimum NO concentration for cold-stored kiwifruits was found to be $200{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.628-635
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• 2014

The large amount of $CO_2$ emitted from mushrooms during incubation and developmental stages can be utilized in plant production systems as a $CO_2$ source. The objectives of this study were to measure the $CO_2$ emission and absorption rates of mushroom and lettuce, respectively, and to analyze the $CO_2$ concentrations at various ratios of mushroom and lettuce in a closed production system. The $CO_2$ emission rate of king oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus eryngii ( DC.) Qu$\acute{e}$l) and $CO_2$ absorption rate of lettuces (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Asia Heuk Romaine) were measured by using two closed acryl chambers ($1.0m{\times}0.8m{\times}0.5m$) in which indoor temperatures were maintained at $18^{\circ}C$ and $22^{\circ}C$, respectively. The lettuce was grown at a light intensity of PPF $340mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ and with nutrient solution at EC $1.2dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. The air was periodically circulated between the two chambers using a diaphragm pump. The $CO_2$ emission rate of the mushroom increased until the $15^{th}$ day after scratching (DAS) and then decreased. The rate also increased with increased indoor temperature. In particular, the $CO_2$ emission rate per fresh weight of fruit body increased by about 3.1 times after thinning compared to before thinning. In terms of $CO_2$ balance, the $CO_2$ emission rates from a bottle (950 mL) of the mushroom at 9, 12, and 14 DAS were equivalent to those of 3, 4.5, and 5.5 lettuce plants at 7, 10, and 12 DAT (days after transplanting), respectively. This work shows that balance in $CO_2$ concentration could be achieved using an appropriate ratio of the two crops in a closed production system.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.673-683
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• 2014

This study was conducted to establish an efficient screening method to identify cucurbits resistant to powdery mildew. Powdery mildew fungus was obtained from a single lesion of infected cucumber leaf in 2010 at Daejeon. The fungus was identified as Podosphaera xanthii race 1 based on morphological characteristics and resistance responses of four melon differentials. Development of powdery mildew caused by the fungal isolate on 34 commercial cultivars of cucumber was investigated at three plant growth stages in a greenhouse. The degree of resistance of cotyledons of each cultivar to the fungus was not correlated with that of whole plant, but powdery mildew occurrence in the first true leaf was highly correlated with resistance at the level of the whole plant. Based on these results, the first true leaf of cucurbit cultivars can be used for screening of resistance to powdery mildew. In addition, variation of resistance of commercial 12 cucumber and 26 melon cultivars to the powdery mildew fungus due to different growing seasons was tested. In the case of cucumber, the resistance response in some cultivars was influenced by growing season. The resistant cultivars showed higher resistance in the warm season than in the cool season. By contrast, the resistant melon cultivars demonstrated strong resistance in all the tested growing seasons. Interestingly, the tested powdery mildew pathogen, a member of P. xanthii race 1, was not pathogenic on seven cultivars of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). To follow up on this, diverse race 1 isolates of P. xanthii should be collected and tested.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.172-179
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• 2003

This study was carried out to find the preventive medical and therapeutic effects of Sarcodon asparatus on adult disease by employing several biological and biochemical assays. Nitrate scavenging ability(NSA) of Sarcodan asparatus extracts was displayed up to 99.9% at pH 1.2 in a dose-dependent manner. They also had 90.4% electron donating ability(EDA) at the concentration of 0.1 mg/mL. Extracts of Sarcodon asparatus were also able to function as a powerful antioxidant at all concentrations(0.01∼l.0 mg/mL). Furthermore, we observed that 1 mg/mL concentration of the extracts was more powerful than BHT, With respect to fibrolytic activity, Sarcodon asparatus showed 1,843.8 unit/g, which was higher than streptokinase(1,189 unit/g). The inhibitory effects of the extracts on angiotensin converting enzyme, measured by the normal and pretreatment methods, were 53 and 58%, respectively. We also performed cytotoxicity effect of Sarcodon asparatus extracts on a various cancer cell lines. The growth inhibitory effects of the extracts(5.0 mg/mL) on A549, HeLa, AGS, and SK-Hep-1 cells were 78.9, 55.3, 69.0, and 42.5 %, respectively. Interestingly, Sarcodon asparatusextracts induced mutation on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 when Ames test was done.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.339-345
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• 2012

This experiment was carried out in order to separate bovine colostral whey protein from Imsil province and to test the effect of immunological activity on RAW 264.7 cells. The colostral whey protein contained TGF-${\beta}$ 7, 475 pg/g in total. We first tested the effect of the colostral whey protein on the proliferation of RAW 264.7 cells and it demonstrated cytotoxicity at concentrations greater than 20 mg/mL. Therefore, the immunological activities of colostral whey protein were investigated in maximum concentration of 10 mg/mL on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Results indicated that colostral whey protein inhibited the LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in a dose-dependent manner. The colostral whey protein also suppressed the productions of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6) in a dose-dependent manner. In addition to the immunological activity, colostral whey protein led to the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, colostral whey protein containing TGF-${\beta}$ inhibited the production of NO, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6 via expression of HO-1.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.543-548
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of com distillers dried grain with soluble (DDGS) in American and Chinese on quality and amino acid of meat in finishing pigs. 120 pigs (Landrace$\times$Yorkshire$\times$Duroc, 64.50 kg average initial body weight) were used in 56 day growth assay. Dietary treatments were included CON (basal diet), ADS (basal diet + DDGS from American) and CDS (basal diet + DDGS from Chinese). The pigs were allotted into four pigs per pen with ten replicates per treatments by completely randomized design. Backfat thickness and lean percentage were not affected by treatment (p>0.05). For the meat color, redness was significantly increased in DDGS treatments compared to CON treatment (p<0.05). CDS treatment was higher than in ADS treatment (p<0.001). Water holding capacity was higher in CON and CDS treatments compared to ADS treatment (p<0.05). pH was greater in DDGS treatments than CON treatment (p<0.05), and ADS treatment was higher than in CON treatment (p<0.05). For the amino acid of meat, CDS treatment significantly increased their arginine, isoleucine, leucine and lysine compared to other treatments (p<0.05). DDGS treatment was higher than in CON treatment (p<0.001). Methinonine, phenylalanine, threonine and valine were significantly increased DDGS treatments than CON treatment (p<0.05). Cysteine was greater in CDS treatment than CON and ADS treatments (p<0.001). DDGS treatments was higher cysteine than in CON treatment (p<0.001). Proline significantly improved in CON treatment compared to CDS treatment (p<0.05). Tyrosine was greater in DDGS treatments than CON treatment (p<0.01). In conclusion, redness and amino acids of meat were affected by DDGS treatments.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.36-43
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• 1999

Background : Tumor growth is the net result of intrinsic proliferation and escape from active cell death. bcl-2 is a member of a new category of oncogenes that is not involved in influencing cell proliferation but is involved in regulating cell death(apoptosis). Based on this information, it seems to be reasonable to expect that there may be clinical prognostic significance of bcl-2 expression in non-small cell lung cancer. But its prognostic significance is not established. Methods: To investigate the role of bcl-2 in lung cancer, we performed immunohistochemical stain of bcl-2 on 57 biopsy specimens from resected primary non-small cell lung cancer. Thereafter, flow cytometric cell cycle analysis was done. And we analyzed the correlation between bcl-2 expression, clinical parameters, S-, $G_1$-phase fraction and survival. Results: bcl-2 were detected in 43.8% of total 57 patients(according to histology, squamous cancer 47%, adenocarcinoma 32%, according to TNM stage, I 28.6%, II 52.3%, III 45.5%. both differences were insignificant). By using the flow cytometric analysis, mean S-phase fraction of bcl-2(+) and (-) group were 14.1($\pm7.8$)%, 24.7($\pm10.5$)% (p<0.005), mean $G_1$-phase fraction of bcl-2(+) and bcl-2(-) group were 75.5($\pm10.8$)%, 65.5($\pm11.4$)%(p<0.05). 2yr, 3yr and 5yr survival and median survival time of bcl-2(+) group were 65%, 54%, 41%, 53 months, and those of bcl-2(-) group were 71%, 52%, 46%, 37 months. (p>0.05, Kaplan-Meier, log rank) Conclusion: bcl-2 was detected in 43.8% of primary non-small cell lung cancer. The S-phase fraction of bcl-2(+) group was less than bcl-2(-) group, and G1-phase fraction of bcl-2(+) group was more than bcl-2(-) group. But, expression of bcl-2 could not be a prognostic factor.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제62권1호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2007

Background: Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is known to modulates the cellular functions, including cell proliferation and apoptosis. It is known that a high level of HO-1 expression is found in many tumors, and HO-1 plays an important role in rapid tumor growth on account of its antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects. Cisplatin is a widely used anti-cancer agent for the treatment of lung cancer. However, the development of resistance to cisplatin is a major obstacle to its use in clinical treatment. We previously demonstrated that inhibiting HO-1 expression through the transcriptional activation of Nrf2 induces apoptosis in A549 cells. The aim of this study was to determine of the inhibiting HO-1 enhance the chemosensitivity of A549 cells to cisplatin. Materials and Methods: The human lung cancer cell line, A549, was treated cisplatin, and the cell viability was measured by a MTT assay. The change in HO-1, Nrf2, and MAPK expression after the cisplatin treatment was examined by Western blotting. HO-1 inhibition was suppressed by ZnPP, which is a specific pharmacologic inhibitor of HO activity, and small interfering RNA (siRNA). Flow cytometry analysis and Western blot were performed in to determine the level of apoptosis. The level of hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) generation was monitored fluoimetrically using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. Results: The A549 cells showed more resistance to the cisplatin treatment than the other cell lines examined, whereas cisplatin increased the expression of HO-1 and Nrf2, as well as the phosphorylation of MAPK in a time-dependent fashion. Inhibitors of the MAPK pathway blocked the induction of HO-1 and Nrf2 by the cisplatin treatment in A549 cells. In addition, the cisplatin-treated A549 cells transfected with dither the HO-1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) or ZnPP, specific HO-1 inhibitor, showed in a more significantly decrease in viability than the cisplatin-only-treated group. The combination treatment of ZnPP and cisplatin caused in a marked increase in the ROS generation and a decrease in the HO-1 expression. Conclusion: Cisplatin increases the expression of HO-1, probably through the MAPK-Nrf2 pathway, and the inhibition of HO-1 enhances the chemosensitivity of A549 cells to cisplatin.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.219-226
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• 1976

To meet the need of protein feed and fine more efficient ways of returning waste to resources, we have carried out the study of the production of yeast for foods and feeds from the corn starch cake. The present study includes the method for acid-hydrolysis, the selection of yeast capable of utilizing hydrolyzate of the corn starch cake, and culture condition of Candida tropicalis under the liquid culture and the semisolid culture. Obtained results were as follows. 1. Hydrochloric acid was more excellent on the hydrolysis of the corn starch cake than sulfuric acid, and the yield of sugar was maximum, 57.2%, when the corn starch cake was hydrolyzed with 1.0% of hydrochloric acid at 2.0kg/cm for 30 minutes. 2. As the acid solution content was increased, more sugar was liberatedfrom the mixture, until the acid solution-substrate ratio reached 10:1. Beyond this point, no further increase was observed. To prepare the cultural medium of semisolid fermentation, a acid solution to substrate ratio of 3:1 appeared to be optimum. 3. Out of 6 yeast strains, Candida tropicalis had excellent growth on the hydrolyzate of the corn starch cake, and optimum temperature and initial pH were $30^{\circ}C$ and 6.0 respectively. 4. Optimum liquid medium of Candida tropicalis is ures 0.3%, potassium phosphate monobasic 0.15g and magnesium sulfate 0.04g in 100ml of the hydrolyzate of the corn starch cake, while optimum semisolid medium is ammonium chloride 0.4g, potassium phosphate monobasic 0.1%, magnesium sulfate 0.04%. 5. Candida tropicalis could assimilate the sugar in the hydrolyzate up to more than 88.75%, and a yield of dry yeast reached 19.13% to the corn starch cake under the liquid culture. 6. Compared to the that of the untreated corn starch cake, the cellulose content of the semisolid fermented cake decreased by 3.76% to 14.7%, whereas dry yeast contents increased by 13.89%.