• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.11-22
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• 2022

As social beings, we need to understand others' actions as quickly and accurately as possible. Action understanding can occur at many levels. We sometimes grasp others' intentions unintentionally. Other times, however, we have to expend effort to draw inferences about their goals. In the context of joint action, the joint Simon effect demonstrates that actors are influenced by the unintended representation of a co-actor's actions. This effect has been described as quasi-automatic, but it is unclear if the effect is automatic enough to be immune to cognitive load. Thus, we asked participants to complete a joint Simon task with or without a concurrent working memory task. One group of participants maintained a single digit in their mind during working memory load blocks (low-load group), while the other group maintained five digits (high-load group). As a result, the low-load group showed a joint Simon effect both during no-load and low-load blocks. In contrast, the high-load group had no joint Simon effect during either no-load or high-load blocks. These results suggest that the joint Simon effect is not an automatic phenomenon given that it requires cognitive resources. Actors in a joint task may represent a co-actor's actions in their task set, but only when cognitive resources are available.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.33-42
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• 2001

Objective : To evaluate the effect of treatment for Rheumatoid arthritis by using Bee-venom Acupuncture that is well known for anti-inflammatory effect and function of activating immune system. Methods : Evaluated the result of Bee-venom Acupuncture treatment twice in a week for patients who diagnosised as rheumatoid arthritis by 7 criteria of US Rheumatism Academy. Results : 1. If you see the distribution chart, sexual rate of male and female was 1:2.75 and age distribution shows as age ascend it shows high. 2. If you see the duration distribution, it shows chronic tendency in order of more than 6 months (59.5%), 2 to 5 months, and 1 month. 3. If you see the invaded region distribution, it shows chronic tendency in order of finger(17 cases), wrist joint(16 cases), knee joint(16 cases), ankle joint(10 cases), elbow joint(8 cases), shoulder joint(7 cases), feet(7 cases), hip joint(5 cases), low back(3 cases) and neck(2 cases). 4. If you see the result of duration distribution treatment, the improvement index is rising in order of within a month, 2 to 5 months, and over 6 months. So it shows that it has good result of treatment within a month. 5. If you see the invaded region, it shows high improvement index in order of low back, hop joint, shoulder joint, wrist joint, feet, knee joint, finger, elbow joint, ankle joint and neck. 6. If you see the result of morning stiffness time before treatment, it shows good effect of treatment in order of 2-3hrs, 30min.-an hr, an hr to 2hrs, and 0-30min. 7. If you see the patients satisfaction after Bee-venom Acupuncture treatment, Excellent is 6 cases, Good is 7 cases, and Moderate 2 cases. Conclusions : It will have greater treatment effect if herbal medicine, moxibustion, and acupuncture are used together as patients whole body condition and symptoms with Bee-venom Acupuncture for rheumatoid arthritis that is chronic inflammatory disease.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.317-321
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• 2019

Purpose: To identify the effect of knee joint traction therapy on pain, physical function, and depression in patients with degenerative arthritis. Methods: In total, 30 patients with degenerative arthritis were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the experimental group, who underwent knee joint traction therapy, and the control group, who underwent general physical therapy (15 patients per group). Pain was measured using the visual analogue scale (VAS), physical function was measured using the Western ontario and McMaster universities osteoarthritis (WOMAC) index, and depression was measured using the Beck depression inventory (BDI). The VAS, WOMAC score, and BDI score were recorded before and after the 4-week treatment. Results: As a result of comparison within groups, the experimental and control group showed significant difference for VAS, WOMAC and BDI after the experiment (p<0.05). In comparison between the two groups, the experimental group in which knee joint traction was applied showed more significant change in VAS, WOMAC and BDI than the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that knee joint traction therapy was effective in improving pain, physical function, and depression in patients with degenerative arthritis.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 2016

A program code was developed to calculate block hydraulic conductivity of the 2-D DFN(discrete fracture network) system based on equivalent pipe network, and implemented to examine the effect of joint orientation distribution on the hydraulic characteristics of fractured rock masses through numerical experiments. A rock block of size $32m{\times}32m$ was used to generate the DFN systems using two joint sets with fixed input parameters of joint frequency and gamma distributed joint size, and various normal distributed joint trend. DFN blocks of size $20m{\times}20m$ were selected from center of the $32m{\times}32m$ blocks to avoid boundary effect. Twelve fluid flow directions were chosen every $30^{\circ}$ starting at $0^{\circ}$. The directional block conductivity including the theoretical block conductivity, principal conductivity tensor and average block conductivity were estimated for generated 180 2-D DFN blocks. The effect of joint orientation distribution on block hydraulic conductivity and chance for the equivalent continuum behavior of the 2-D DFN system were found to increase with the decrease of mean intersection angle of the two joint sets. The effect of variability of joint orientation on block hydraulic conductivity could not be ignored for the DFN having low intersection angle between two joint sets.

• BMB Reports
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.465-470
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• 2013

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have diverse and important roles in the proliferation and differentiation of adult stem cells in our tissues. Especially, BMPs are well known to be the main inducers of bone formation, by facilitating both proliferation and differentiation of bone stem cells. Interestingly, in skin stem cells, BMPs repress their proliferation but are indispensable for the proper differentiation into several lineages of skin cells. Here, we tested whether BMP antagonists have an effect on the prevention of wrinkle formation. For this study we used an in vivo wrinkle-induced mouse model. As a positive control, retinoic acid, one of the top anti-wrinkle effectors, showed a 44% improvement compared to the non-treated control. Surprisingly, bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1a extracellular domain (BMPR1a-ECD) exhibited an anti-wrinkle effect which was 6-fold greater than that of retinoic acid. Our results indicate that BMP antagonists will be good targets for skin or hair diseases.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.30 no.5 s.248
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• pp.512-519
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• 2006

In the ground-structure-based topology optimization, beam elements are regarded to be rigidly connected to each other, and joints are assumed to have infinite stiffness. Thus the optimized topology of a structure is obtained according to the assumption of no joint effect, and the resulting structure should be manufactured in one piece if the joint effect is to be excluded as much as possible. The underlying problems are that 1) the performance of the structure might be seriously decreased if the members of the structure are connected through welding or bolting, not manufactured in one piece, and 2) the topology of the structure will be changed if the joint effect is taken into account. In the paper, the assemblage issue is considered on topology optimization, and a new formulation based on the joint stiffness-varied ground beam structure is developed. Joints of a beam structure are modeled by elastic spring elements whose stiffnesses are controlled by design variables during the optimization.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2020

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to analyze the corrective effect of the general coordinative manipulation (GCM) joint intervention model on distort leg with imbalance of the lower extremity joints, pelvic and shoulder girdles, and lumbar spine. Methods : The study used a comparative analysis of the size of the distort leg and the imbalance of the lower extremity joints, pelvic and shoulder girdles, and lumbar spine before and after the application of the GCM joint intervention model. A total of 31 subjects from movement center G and the department of physical therapy at university M were selected as research subjects, and they were divided into two groups. The GCM joint intervention model was applied to 18 subjects in the bow knee group and 13 subjects in the knock knee group. The two groups received daily intervention three times a week for four weeks. The corrective effect of the GCM joint intervention model for each type of distort leg was compared and analyzed. Results : The effects of the GCM joint intervention model in correcting bow knee and knock knee with knee deformation and imbalance of the lower extremity joints, pelvic and shoulder girdles, and lumbar spine were significant in most domains (p<.05). The correlation between the bow knee and knock knee groups showed significance in most domains (p<.05). Conclusion : The GCM joint intervention model showed significant corrective effect in the bow knee and knock knee groups in terms of knee deformation, lower extremity joints, pelvic and shoulder girdles, and lumbar spine (p<.05).

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.43-49
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to the effects of temporomandibular joint movement restriction on treatment of SCM muscle pain. Methods: The Subjects(n=20) were males(n=7) and females(n=13) that had SCM muscle pain and movement restriction at one side oftemporomandibular joint. The massage and Taping performed on the SCM muscle during 4 weeks. The measured items of SCM pain were pressure-pain scale, DITI. The measured items of temporomandibular joint movement restriction were VAS, ROM, deviation. Results: SCM muscle of pressure-pain scale is lower in ipsilateral than counterlateral, But temperature is higher in ipsilateral than counterlateral. Pressure-pain scale was statistical significance (p<0.05). After studying, the pain and temperature of SCM muscle was decreased and statistical significance(p<0.05). After studying, VAS of Temporomandibular joint was decreased, ROM was increased, deviation was decreased. All of measured items of Before and after studying found a statistical significance(p<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that SCM muscle pain related TM joint pain and movement restriction. The patient with TM joint movement restriction that may take effect on reducing SCM muscle pain.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1995

The behavior of a jointed rock mass depends mainly on the geometrical and mechanical properties of joints. The failure mode of a rock mass and kinematics of rock blocks are governed by the orientation, spacing, and persistence of joints. The mechanical properties such as dilation angle, shear strength, maximum closure, strength of asperities and friction coeffiient play important roles on the stability and deformation of the rock mass. The normal and shear behaviour of a joint are coupled due to dilation, and the joint deformation depends also on the boundary conditions such as stiffness conditons. In this paper, the joint constitutive law including the dilatant behaviour of a joint is numerically modelled using the edge-to-edge contact logic in distinct element method. Also, presented is the method to quantify the input parameters used in the joint law. The results from uniaxial compression and direct shear tests using the numeical model of the single joint were compared to the analytic results from them. The boundary effect on the behaviour of a joint is verified by comparing the results of direct shear test under constant stress boundary condition with those under constant stiffness boundary condition. The numerical model developed is applied to a complex jointed rock mass to examine its performance and to evaluate the effect of joint dilation on tunnel stability.

• International Journal of Korean Welding Society
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.24-28
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• 2003

This study was aimed to evaluate the quality of flash welded joints and optimize the welding process for flash butt welding of 780MPa grade high strength steel. And then the relationship between the welding process variables and the joint quality would be established. The effect of process variables between flashing and upsetting process was elucidated. Microstructure observation of the joint indicated that the decarburized band was mainly changed with upsetting process. Width of HAZ was also related to the upsetting conditions rather than the flashing conditions. Generally maximum hardness at HAZ was correlated with Ceq of steel and the empirical relationship was obtained to estimate the HAZ properties. Tensile elongation at the joint was usually decreased with increasing the initial clamping distance. Investigation of fracture surface after tensile and bending tests reveal that the origin of cracking at the joint was oxide inclusions composed of $SiO_2$, MnO, $Al_2O_3$, and/or FeO. The amount of inclusions was dependent on the composition ratio of Mn/Si in steel. If this ratio was above 4, the amount of inclusions was low and then the resistance to cracking at the joint was enough to maintain the joint performance. It was obtained that the flashing process influenced the conditions for the energy input to establish uniform or non­uniform molten layer, while the upsetting conditions influenced the joint strength. Heat input variable during flashing process was also discussed with the joint properties.