• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.487-492
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• 2015

The effects of chemical structure of alkyl groups of norbornene carboxylic alkyl esters(methyl, octyl, 4-chlorobenzyl) and endo/exo ratios of norbornene monomers on activity of palladium catalyst and polymerization behavior were investigated. Norbornene ester monomers were synthesized from the reaction of 5-norborene-2-carboxylic acid and various alcohols. Polymerization catalyst, di-${\mu}$-chloro-bis(-methoxybicyclo[2,2,1]-hept-2-ene)palladium(II) (DCBMP), was synthesized according to the literature procedure and silver hexafluoroantimonate ($AgSbF_6$) was used as a conjugate anion source. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were the principal techniques for polymer characterization and $^1H$ NMR spectroscopy was used for chemical structures determination of monomers and polymers. For all of the norbonene alkyl esters GPC data showed that when the amounts of endo isomers exceeded those of exo isomers decreased molecular weight polymers were obtained probably due to the decreased catalyst activity. Polymerizations were conducted by varying the monomer/catalyst mole ratios (100:1, 200:1, 300:1). When 300:1 monomer/catalyst ratio was employed it was possible to synthesize high molecular weight ($M_n=27500g/mol$), film forming polymer from exo-norbornene carboxylic acid octyl ester.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.207-210
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• 2004

Vitamin E, consisting of tocotrienols ($\textrm{T}_3$) and tocopherols ($\textrm{T}$) is well-known nutraceutical compound for its antioxidant, anticancer and cholesterol-low-ering activity. The contents of alpha ($\alpha\textrm{-}$), beta ($\beta\textrm{-}$), gamma ($\gamma\textrm{-}$) and delta ($\delta\textrm{-}$) tocotrienols and tocopheyols in some Korean crop seeds were evaluated by using HPLC after saponification. Among tested crops, total 73 contents (mg/110g) were purple perilla 25.06, barley 4.50, corn 3.54, iris 3.04, adlay 2.58, safflower 0.12. Other crops including 5 soybean cultivars, kidneybean, sunflower and perilla contained no tocotrienols. Regarding $\textrm{T}_3$ isomers, $\beta\textrm{-}$$\textrm{T}_3$ were rut observed in adlay and corn, and $\delta$-$\textrm{T}_3$ were not in iris aid purple perilla, while safflower exhibited no detectable $\alpha\textrm{-}$, $\beta\textrm{-}$ and $\delta\textrm{-}$$\textrm{T}_3$. Total T contents (mg/100g) were high in iris (51.82), perilla (40.90), soybean (34.11), sunflower (20.88), and they all contained all $\alpha\textrm{-}$, $\beta\textrm{-}$, $\gamma\textrm{-}$ and $\delta\textrm{-}$ tocopterol isomers. Total Vit E contents (T ＋ $\textrm{T}_3$, mg/100g) were iris 54.86, purple perilla 41.80, perilla 40.90, soybean 34.11, sunflower 20.88, safflower 14.73, corn 11.49, evening-primrose 10.07, barley 7.48, adlay 6.24 and kidneybean 5.27.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1343-1354
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• 2010

The purpose of the study was to analyze the persistence of HCH in atmosphere, soil, sediment and water of the western and southern regions of Korea. The samples from the western region were collected from Anmyeon Island, and the samples from the southern region were collected from Kimhae and Busan. The concentration of HCH isomers in atmosphere showed the pattern of $\alpha$-HCH>$\gamma$-HCH>$\beta$-HCH. The regions with high HCH concentration in the atmosphere are the regions that have been highly exposed to HCH used in the past, and the areas that have been influenced by the long range transport. The HCH that persists in the soil, water and sediment evaporates into the atmosphere, showing the characteristics of Air-Surface exchange. When the regional concentration distributions are compared, the concentration of HCH was higher in the atmosphere of a plain and the cities near the plain, than the urban areas. In this study, the ratio of $\alpha/\beta$-HCH was used as an indicator for estimating the source of Technical HCH and Lindane. According to the result, the contribution of Lindane was high in Kimhae plain and Kimhae urban areas. However, in Busan, the contribution of Technical HCH was higher than Lindane. In case of Anmyeon Island, the western region of Korea had high contribution from Tehcnical HCH. In soil and sediment, $\beta$-HCH was dominant. In water, $\gamma$-HCH was dominant among other isomers. Such results are due to $\gamma$-HCH inLindane. Furthermore, the source of $\gamma$-HCH in urban areas is assumed to be the use of medicine, medical supplies and other living supplies. Based on the results of this study, the management of HCH, a newly list up emerging POPs, should be strengthened by further research on sources, fate, persistency, accumulation and exposures and etc. to the risk assessments.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.338-347
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• 1997

Apo E polymorphism(e2, e3, e4) was among the first reported genetic polymorphism that explained part of the normal vairation in plasma cholesterol concentrations. Both alleles E2 and E4 are significantly more frequent in patients with mixed forms of hyperlipidemia and contribute on the observed differences in CHD risk among different populations. Effects of apo E polymorphism on the distribution of plasma lipid profiles were studied in 89 normolipidemic healthy females, aged 19 up to 22 years. The relative frequencies of E3/3 was 0.787, E3/2 was 0.101, E3/4 allele was 0.112 and no E2/2, E2/4 and E4/4 were found. Weight, height and %LBM were elevated in E2 than those in E3&E4. No differences in the blood pressure among apo E isomers were found, otherwise the pulsation was higher in E4 than that in the others. There were no differences in plasma total-, total DL-, HDL$_3$-, HDL$_2$ cholesterol, apo B-100 and apo A-I, However, phenotype means rank E3/2>E3/3>E3/4 in average TG levels(p<0.0001) significantly, and rank E3/4>E3/3>E3/2 in LDL cholesterol levels. These results were related to the correlation between atherogenic indiced (AI) such as LDL/HDL, (TC-HDL)/HDL, HDL$_3$/HDL$_2$. The ratio of HDL$_3$& HDL$_2$was significantly increased in E2 & E4 than that in E3(P=0.043). LCAT activity was not different between E2 and E3 but was highly increased in E4 (p<0.0001 among apo E isomers), but CETP was not different. Since the negative correlation between LCAT and CETP in apo E2(r=-0.491) was stronger than that in apo E3, E2 allele impacts the clearance of plasma apo E mediated lipoproteins. In conclusion firstly, E4 mediated alteration through LDL or E receptors results in lower TG or higher $\beta$-lipoprotein levels and E2 shows reciprocal effects of E4, respectively. Second, E4 allele was more atherogenic than E2 allele because the higher levels of AI such as HDL$_3$/HDL$_2$ were criticized.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.509-514
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• 2001

Effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), known as an effective anticarcinogen in several animal models, on the tilapia were investigated. The CLA was made from safflower oil by alkaline isomerization method. Isomers in CLA such as cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 occupied over $80\%$, and other isomers was below $20\%$. In experiment, 250 fishes (average weight is 32 g) were divided into 15 fishes per five treatment and triplicate group for 8 weeks: control, $1\%$ CLA, $2.5\%$ CLA, $5.0\%$ CLA, and $10\%$ CLA diets. Daily growth rate and feed coefficiency were measured every week. The most effective diet for the growth rate and feed coefficiency of tilapia was $1.0\%$ CLA diet group. Every two weeks, sampled and determined the contents of CLA in the muscle and liver, After 8 weeks, $1.0\%$ and $10.0\%$ of CLA fed group accumulated the CLA as 41.3 and 180.9 mg/g of fat in their muscle respectively, Also, n-9 and n-3 fatty acid (FA) compositions were almost not changed in the muscle and liver. But n-6 fatty acid was changed according to the contents of fed CLA. The $1.0\%$ CLA fed group was shown the highest contents of n-6 FA and the $10.0\%$ CLA group was shown the lowest contents of n-6 FA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.954-961
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• 2007

The experiments were conducted to determine effects of a mixture of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers on T cell subpopulations and responsiveness to mitogen of splenocytes in male broiler chicks. In experiment 1, birds (8-d old) were fed basal, CLA-(CLA) and safflower oil-supplemented (SA) diets which were formulated by supplementary 10 g CLA or safflower oil/kg to the basal diet for 14 d. Broiler starter diet, which mainly consisted of corn and soybean meal, was served as the basal diet. Proliferative response and interleukin (IL)-2-like activity stimulated by concanavalin (Con) A at a concentration of $10{\mu}g/ml$ of splenocytes in chicks fed the CLA diet were greater than in chicks fed the SA diet, but not at $20{\mu}g$ Con A/ml. Percentage of CD3-positive T cells in splenocytes did not differ between chicks fed the SA diet and CLA. Ratio of CD4-positive T cells to CD8- positive T cells was significantly affected by dietary fat source. In experiment 2, broiler chicks (1-d old) were fed the same diets as in experiment 1 for 14 d. Results of splenocyte proliferation to Con A were similar to those in experiment 1, but phytohemaggulutinin (PHA)- or pokeweed mitogen (PWM)- induced splenocyte proliferation did not differ between the CLA and SA fed groups. Supplementation with SA or CLA to the basal diet tended to have a depressive effect on the proliferation, with the greater effect being that of SA. In experiment 3, effect of an addition of CLA to splenocyte culture medium on splenocyte proliferation was determined. An addition of CLA to the culture medium resulted in reduction of the splenocyte proliferation to Con A, but an addition of linoleic acid. When PWM and PHA were used as mitogen, the inhibitory effect of CLA and linoleic acid on the proliferation did not differ. The results suggested that the effect of dietary CLA on splenocyte proliferation was similar to that of SA, although the effect of dietary CLA on sub-populations was slightly different from that of dietary SA. Further studies are needed to clarify whether use of CLA would be beneficial for maintaining or enhancing T cell immunity in chicks.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.177-181
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• 2003

Eleven bacterial strains which are able to utilize terephthalic acid as a carbon and an energy source for growth were isolated from the soil of 7 water quality evaluation points in Kyonggi area of Korea. Phthalic acid isomer degrading activity of the isolates from the 4 contaminated points was higher than those from the 3 clean points. Among 11 isolates, 4 isolates which have high terephthalic acid degrading activity and degrade two phthalic acid isomers were identified by partal 16S rDNA sequence determination. One of them was identified as Pseudomonas putida, and the others as Comamonas testosteroni. Thus a large number of phthalic acid isomer degrading bacteria in domestic soil were inferred as C. testosteroni. On the basis of these results, the PCR detection of C. testosteroni in soil was applied to monitor soil contamination by phthalic acid isomers. The DNA of C. test-osteroni extracted from 4 g soil was directly detected by PCR with C. testosteroni specific primer pair. The amount of PCR products was different according to sampling sites and more PCR products were obtained from contaminated sites than those from clean sites (Gulpo-chun＞Anyang-chun＞Hwangguji-chun>Shin-chun＞Huk-chun＞Pukhan-river>Kapyeong-chun). This result was coincided with that of the viable cell counts for terephthalic acid degrading bacteria.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.185-190
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• 1981

1. $\alpha$-amylase from B. circulans F-2 was purified with specific activity 55.0 u/mg. protein (about 23 times of the original specific activity) and the yield of 25.5%, by means of corn starch absorption, salting out with ammonium sulfate (80% saturation), gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-100 and DE-32 column chromatography. 2 The purified enzyme showed two closely migrated protin bands on polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, both of which have amylase activity judging from the activity staining of the gel. On SDS-polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, however, the purified enzyme showed a single band suggesting that those two bands are the charge isomers of an amlyase having the slightly different charge. 3. Plot of log mobility of two bands versus polyacrylamide gel concentration according to Hedrick and Smith gave the parallel lines indicating them to be charge isomers. 4. To confirm the action pattern of two enzyme protein bands, each band was separated and was eluted from the gel and eluates were incubated with soluble starch. Oligosaccharide pattern produced by each eluate was examined by paper chromatography. The eluates of two bands showed the same action pattern. 5. The maltohexaose was the only hydrolysis product of soluble starch in the early stage of hydrolysis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.1243-1252
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• 2000

The differential enhanced degradation of cis- and trans-1,3-D was observed in the previous two studies performed by several researchers. This study was initiated to investigate the involvement of microorganisms in the differential enhanced degradation of the chemicals. As expected, microorganisms were responsible for the enhanced degradation. A mixed bacterial culture capable of degrading 1,3-D was isolated from an enhanced soil sample collected from a site treated with 1,3-D. Similar to the enhanced soil, the mixed culture degraded trans-1,3-D faster than cis-1,3-D. This mixed culture could not utilize cis- and trans-1,3-D as a sole source of carbon for growth. Rather, a variety of second substrates were evaluated to stimulate the differential enhanced degradation of the two isomers. As a result, the mixed culture degraded cis- and trans-1,3-D only in the presence of a suitable second substrate. Therefore, it appeared that the degradation of cis- and trans-1,3-D was a cometabolic process. Second substrates that had the capacity to stimulate the degradation included soil leachate, tryptone, tryptophan, and alanine. Other substrates tested. including soil extract. glucose, yeast extract and indole, failed to stimulate the degradation of the two isomers. The mixed culture was composed of four morphologically distinctive colonies on L-agar plates.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.2043-2048
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• 2014

Two isomers of a new tetraaza macrotricycle 2,2,4,9,9,11-hexaazamethyl-1,5,8,12-tetraazatricyclo[$10.2.2^{5.8}$]-octadecane ($L^2$) containing additional N-$CH_2CH_2$-N linkages, C-meso-$L^2$ and C-racemic-$L^2$, have been prepared by the reaction of 1-bromo-2-chloroethane with C-meso-$L^1$ or C-racemic-$L^1$ ($L^1$ = 5,5,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane). Both C-meso-$L^2$ and C-racemic-$L^2$ react with copper(II) ion to form $[Cu(C-meso-L^2)]^{2+}$ or $[Cu(C-racemic-L^2)]^{2+}$ in dehydrated ethanol, but do not with nickel(II) ion under similar conditions. Crystal structure of [Cu(C-racemic-$L^2$)($H_2O$)]$(ClO_4)_2$ shows that the complex has distorted square-pyramidal coordination geometry with an apically coordinated water molecule. Unexpectedly, the Cu-N distances [2.016(3)-2.030(3) ${\AA}$] of [Cu(C-racemic-$L^2$)($H_2O$)]$(ClO_4)_2$ are longer than those [1.992(3)-2.000(3) ${\AA}$] of [Cu(C-racemic-$L^1$)($H_2O$)]$(ClO_4)_2$. As a result, $[Cu(C-racemic-L^2)(H_2O)]^{2+}$ exhibits weaker ligand field strength than $[Cu(C-racemic-L^1)(H_2O)]^{2+}$. The copper(II) complexes readily react with CN- ion to yield the cyano-bridged dinuclear complex $[Cu_2(C-meso-L^2)_2CN]^{3+}$ or $[Cu_2(C-racemic-L^2)_2CN]^{3+}$. Spectra and chemical properties of $[Cu(C-meso-L^2)]^{2+}$ and $[Cu_2(C-meso-L^2)_2CN]^{3+}$ are not quite different from those of $[Cu(C-racemic-L^2)]^{2+}$ and $[Cu_2(C-racemic-L^2)_2CN]^{3+}$, respectively.