• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.36 no.6
• /
• pp.646-652
• /
• 2003

This study was performed to determine the iron status of the adolescent Korean girls before and after menarche. The 101 subjects aged 11-13 years who attending in an elementary school in Mokpo were recruited. They were divided into pre-menarche (A) group or post-menarche (B) group based on their menstruation status. The latter subjects were sub-divided into one of the four groups according to the times of their menstruation B-I( $\geq$ 3 times), B-II (4-6 times), B-III (7-9 times) or B-W ( $\geq$ 10 times). In the total subjects, dietary iron intake, 11.3 mg/day, was below the Korean RDA for iron, the percentage of heme iron to total iron intake, 15%, and the bioavailability of dietary iron, 12.3%, seemed to be low. And their body iron storage, 140.8 mg, seemed to be insufficient. However, they tended to meet body's iron requirement in the cell level. Red blood cell number (RBC), hematocrit (Hct), and hemoglobin (Hb) level in the total subjects were 4.5 1012/I, 39.3%, and 13.0 g/㎗, respectively. The subjects in B group had lower (p<0.05) RBC and Hct compared to those in A group and the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia tended to be high. Serum iron, ferritin, and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and sTfR:ferritin ratio were 86.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/d, 17.6 $\mu\textrm{g}$/l, 3.58 mg/1, and 230, respectively. Those four indices were not significantly different among the groups. The results of this study imply that, although there a tendency to affect negatively iron status, menstrual blood loss in adolescent females does not deteriorate obviously their iron status during the relatively short period up to 1 you. However, it should be better to improve their iron status after starting menarche by increasing iron intake, especially heme-iron, and enhancing factors for iron absorption.

• Human Ecology Research
• /
• v.55 no.4
• /
• pp.385-397
• /
• 2017

This study assessed the nutrient intake for Korean adolescents using the estimated usual intake. The usual intake of 1,763 adolescents aged 12-17 years old was estimated from one-day 24-hour recall data in the 2010-2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey. The nutrient intakes of four groups according to sex (male and female) and age (12-14 and 15-17 years old) were then assessed in reference to the 2015 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. For macronutrients, the proportions of subjects below and above the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) were calculated. The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) cut-point method was used to assess insufficient intakes of protein, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, phosphorus, and iron; the full probability approach was used to assess the insufficient intake for iron among females. The proportions of subjects over the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for vitamin C, niacin, calcium, phosphorus, and iron and the proportions over the Intake Goal for sodium were calculated to assess excessive intake. The proportions of subjects above AMDR for carbohydrates ranged from 22.5% to 38.0% by group. The proportions of subjects by group with insufficient intake for vitamin C, riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus, and iron ranged 29.1-39.7%, 22.5-34.3%, 73.1-89.3%, 14.3-43.6%, and 23.2-55.5%, respectively. The proportions of subjects by group with excessive intake for sodium ranged from 91.5% to 99.3%. The results of this study represent important basic information to establish nutritional standards for school lunches as well as to decide on relevant nutrition policies for adolescents.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.139-148
• /
• 1999

This study was designed to assess the iron nutritional status of girls at puberty in Kangnung area. The subjects consisted of 161 adolescents in sixth-grade in primary school and first-grade in middle school girls. Anthropometric measurements were taken for body weight, height, percentage of body fat, and circumferences of waist and hip. Nutrient intakes were assessed by modified 24-hour recall method. Food models and other measuring tools were also used. Fasting blood samples were obtained and analyzed for hemoglobin(Hb) concentration, hematocrit(Hct), serum iron(FE) and total iron binding capacity(TIBC). Mean values for Hb, Hct, Fe, TIBC, TS and serum ferritin were $13.6{\pm}0.9g/dl$, $39.6{\pm}3.9%, 91.3{\pm}36.3{\mu}g/dl$, $327.9{\pm}45.2{\mu}g/dl$, $28.3{\pm}11.8%$ and $37.4{\pm}24.2ng/ml$, respectively. Prevalence of iron deficiency greatly varied by indices from 4.8% when judged by Hb to 18.4% by serum Fe concentration. The Hb concentration was positively correlated with Hct(r=0.641), serum iron(r=0.266) and transferrin saturation(r=0.237)(p<0.05). On the other hand, serum ferritin concentration showed significantly negative correlation with TIBC(r=-0.572). Mean daily intake of iron was 14.94mg and heme iron intake was 1.13mg and which was 7.6% of total iron intake. Total absorbable iron calculated by the method of Mosen was 1.38mg and bioavailability of dietary iron was 9.3%. These results suggest that the prevalence of iron deficiency of pubertal girls is very high, therefore the guidelines for diet and social supports, such as, school food service system should be provided to improve their iron status in middle school students.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.71-80
• /
• 2003

Food intake patterns and iron nutritional status of male and female college students were studied based on dietary iron density. Dietary data were collected using the method of 24-hour recalls for 3 consecutive days from 106 students, and fasting blood were drawn to measure iron nutritional status indicators such as total iron binding capacity, serum iron, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and red blood cell count. Mean daily iron intakes of male and female students were 13.3㎎ and 10.0㎎, which were 107% and 63% of the RDA, respectively. However, dietary iron density were similar between male and female students as 5.9㎎/1,000㎉ and 5.7㎎/1,000㎉, respectively. The diets were divided into two groups according to iron density; high iron density group (6㎎/1,000㎉ or more) and low iron density group (less than 6㎎/1,000㎉). The students in high density group had lower intakes of energy, especially fat, than those in low density group. Female students in high density group showed significantly higher intakes of iron, and non-heme iron and folate than those of low density group. The students in high density group consumed more rice, hamburger, and eggs, while those in low density group consumed more Ra-myon and alcoholic beverages. The students in high density group consumed greater proportions of iron from plant-origin foods. Vegetables, legumes and seasonings were the food groups that female students in high density group consumed significantly more than those in low density group. Also the percentages of female students with iron deficiency were higher in low density group. These results suggest that diet with high iron density is important to improve iron nutritional status of women, and further research about the effective way to increase iron density in our diet is needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.78-88
• /
• 1991

In this study measured were daily intake and excretion of iron copper and cobalt of eight 21-23years old college women during four weeks by means of analyzing their food intake urine and feces while keeping their normal living pattern and maintenace of body weight. this is study also compared the actural meaurement value of iron intake by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with the conversion value of it by food table. The results were as follows. Daily mean intakes for iron copper and cobalt were $13.85{\pm}1.10mg/day,\;1.44{\pm}0.14mg/day\;and\;3.25{\pm}0.18mg/day$. Daily mean urinary excretions for iron copper and cobalt were $1.38{\pm}0.27mg/day\;0.06{\pm}0.01mg/day\;and\;0.59{\pm}0.07mg/day$. Daily mean fecal excretions for iron cop-per and cobalt were $7.66{\pm}0.79mg/day\;0.59{\pm}0.11mg/day\;and\;0.94{\pm}0.16mg/day$ The actual measurement value for iron intake was $13.85{\pm}1.10mg/day$ and its conversith value $15.26{\pm}1.17mg/day$ : the former was 9% than the latter.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.5 no.4
• /
• pp.205-212
• /
• 2000

The relation of food and supplemental intake of iron, vitamin E and ascorbic acid and other lifestyle variables to packed cell volume (PCV) and serum vitamin levels was studied in urban and rural (71% Amish) communities. Subjects were interviewed (24-h dietary recalls) on three occasions over 18-months, and blood samples were taken (maximum observations = 442). Mean PCV was lower in rural males (43.3) than in urban males (45.4) despite higher man food iron intake (18.7 and 14.4 mg/day, respectively). Mean meal iron availability was higher at lunch and lower at breakfast and dinner for rural than for urban subjects. Smoking was the number one variable in males and females explaining variance in PCV. Supplemental vitamin E and ascorbate intakes explained the most variance in serum vitamin E and ascorbate levels, respectively. Serum vitamin E was also associated with supplemental ascorbate intake (r=0.29). Serum ascorbate was also associated with food ascorbate intake (r=0.28) and body weight (r=-0.24).

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.341-348
• /
• 1998

This study was performed to investigated the difference in the nutritional status of normal children and children with suboptimal iron status. Two hundred and sixty children from 5th grade were divided into 2 groups(normal group and suboptimal group) according to the hematologic parameters of iron(RBC count, hemoglobin, serum ferritin). Normal group was composed of 71 male and 81 female and suboptimal group was consisted of 65 male and 43 female. Fat percentage of children from suboptimal group was 18.9%, which was significantly lower than 22.1% of normal group(p<0.05). TST and MAC of suboptimal group were also lower than those of normal group(p<0.05). Mean intakes of energy, protein, thiamin, riboflavin, iron were lower than those in normal group(p<0.05). suboptimal female students showed 1197.6㎉ of energy intake(63.0% of RDA) and 0.56㎎ of thiamin intake(56% of RDA). Mean RBC count, hematocrit, hemoglobin, ferritin(p<0.01) and FEP(p<0.05) of suboptimal group were lower than those of normal group. Thirty-nine point seven percent of children from suboptimal group was observed with having gastrointestinal disease which was significantly higher than 22.1% of normal group. (Korean J Community Nutrition 3(3) : 341∼348, 1998)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.44 no.3
• /
• pp.222-230
• /
• 2011

This study was undertaken to investigate iron status and related factors in female college students residing in Gyeongnam. The subjects were divided into normal (40.8%) and iron deficiency (ID) groups (59.2%) by iron status. Mean height, weight, lean body mass, percent body fat, body mass index, and wrist to hip ratio were not significantly different between the groups, but basic metabolic rate was significantly higher in the normal group than that in the ID group. The levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were significantly higher in the normal group than those in the ID group. However, total iron binding capacity was significantly lower in the normal group than that in the ID group. Daily intake of protein, heme-Fe, niacin, and vitamin C were significantly higher in the normal group than those in the ID group. The mean intake of protein, Fe, niacin, vitamin $B_{12}$, and vitamin C based on the Korean recommended intake (RI) were significantly higher in the normal group than those in the ID group. The mean intakes of Ca, vitamin $B_{12}$, and folate in both groups were < 75% of the Korean RI. In conclusion, increasing dietary heme-Fe and vitamin C may be helpful for preventing ID anemia in female college students.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.26-32
• /
• 2003

This study was designed to assess the nutritional iron status and anemia of middle school girls. Three-hundred-fifty- three female subjects in Ulsan metropolitan city were evaluated using a questionnaire, and hematological indices. The average height and weight of the respondents were 157.19 $\pm$ 5.57 cm and 51.06 $\pm$ 9.42 kg respectively. The average Body Mass Index (BMI, $kg/m^2$) was 20.63 $\pm$ 3.23, which was within the normal range. With regard to clinical symptoms, the greatest number of respondents reported that they experienced 'decreased ability to concentrate'. The total caloric intake of each subject was 1743.28 $\pm$ 343.47 kcal(83.01% of the Korean RDA) and the calcium intake was 634.98 $\pm$ 201.43 mg (79.37% of the Korean RDh) . The mean daily intake of iron was 14.76 : 4.36 mg (92.25% of the Korean RDh) and the heme iron intake was 6.12 $\pm$ 2.30 mg, which was 41.5% of the total iron intake. The average hemoglobin (Hb) concentration of the subjects was 13.24 $\pm$ 1.01 g/dl, and the average hematocrit (Hct) level was 37.79 $\pm$ 4.10%. The transferrin saturation {TS (%)} was 19.41 $\pm$ 9.21%, and the ferritin level was 26.26 $\pm$ 18.60 ng/ml. The iron deficiency anemia among the subjects was estimated at 6.1% by using Hb (< 12 g/ml), 20.5% by using Hct (< 36%), 30.8% by using 75 (< 14%) , and 23.1% by using ferritin (< 12 ng/ml) The total iron binding capacity (TIBC) showed a negative correlation with the Hb, iron, ferritin and 75. With regard to the correlation between blood biochemistry and clinical symptoms related to anemia, the Hb concentration was negatively correlated with 'pale face'(p < 0.05) . In addition, the level of iron was significantly and negatively correlated with 'poor memory' (p<0.01) and the ferritin concentration was negatively correlated with 'no appetite '(p < 0.05) ,'pale face (p < 0.05) . These results suggest that the prevalence of iron deficiency among middle school girls is very high; therefore, guidelines on dietary support and nutritional education to improve their dietary iron status should be provided.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.44-56
• /
• 2012

This study investigated dietary behavior and nutrient intake in children with developmental disorders as compared with non-disabled children and assessed the relationship between dietary behavior and nutrient intake. The survey was conducted on 118 students ($4^{th}$ and $5^{th}$ grade) of four special education schools and 244 students of an elementary school (control group). The survey was carried out using a questionnaire and an interview. Of the disabled children, children with a mental disorder comprised 72.9% and those with emotional disorders including autism comprised 26.3%. The average percentages of height and weight to standards for age were significantly lower in the disabled female children as compared with the non-disabled female children. Scores for table utensil handling skills, eating behavior, and an unbalanced diet were lower in the disabled children compared with those in the non-disabled children. Dietary behavior scores were not significantly different by either gender or age in the disabled children. Mean energy intake was less than the estimated energy requirement in both groups. Nutrients taken at less than the recommended intake level were calcium, iron, vitamin A, and folate in both groups. Food behavior score at mealtime, personal hygiene score at mealtime, and an unbalanced diet score were significantly correlated with iron and vitamin A intake in disabled male children. Personal hygiene score at mealtime was significantly correlated with calcium, iron, and vitamin A intake, and unbalanced diet score was significantly correlated with iron and vitamin A intake in disabled female children. Although the nutritional status of disabled children with developmental disorders was appropriate in general, improvement in their dietary behaviors through education and practice would allow them to eat balanced diets with essential nutrients.