• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.65-80
• /
• 2024

Objectives: This study aims to compare changes in physical factors, health behaviors, eating habits, and nutritional intake among Korean male and female adults over a period of three years (2019-2021) before and after the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: This study utilized raw data from the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019-2021). The participants in this study included 6,235 individuals in 2019, 5,865 individuals in 2020, and 5,635 individuals in 2021. Individuals whose daily energy intake was less than 500 kcal or exceeded 5,000 kcal were excluded from the study. Results: In comparison to 2019, overweight/obesity rates, weight, waist circumference, weekend sleep hours, and resistance exercise days/week increased in both male and female during the COVID-19 pandemic. Regarding eating habits, the proportions of people skipping breakfast, not eating out, consuming health supplements, and recognizing nutritional labels increased in 2020 and 2021, whereas the rate of skipping dinner decreased. Total energy intake has continued to decrease for the two years since 2019. A comparison of nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal before and after the outbreak of COVID-19 revealed that intake of nutrients, including protein, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, riboflavin, and niacin increased, while folic acid intake decreased. In male, calcium, phosphorus, riboflavin, and niacin intakes increased, whereas iron, vitamin C, and folic acid intakes decreased. In female, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, and riboflavin intake increased significantly, while protein and niacin intake decreased significantly. Conclusions: After COVID-19, the obesity rate, breakfast skipping rate, health supplement intake, and nutritional label use increased, while the frequency of eating out, dinner skipping rate, and total energy intake decreased. These environmental changes and social factors highlight the need for nutritional education and management to ensure proper nutritional intake and reduce obesity rates in the post-COVID-19 era.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제29권3호
• /
• pp.331-347
• /
• 1996

This study was aimed at comparing the dietary pattern of middle school girls according to family type. As for subjects, sixty girls of M middle school of Taejon city were chosen as a total. They were devided into two groups consisted of thirty subjects respectively ; those who live in single mother's family(SMF) and both parent's family(BPF). In this study, intakes of food and nutrient and dietary behaviors of each group were investigated through two-day dietary records and questionnaire. The results obtained in this study were as follows : 1) Mean daily intake of all nuitrients except calcium were more than RDAs in two groups. However, intake of calcium and rtio of Ca / P were lower than RDAs in two groups. And proportion of less than 2/3 of RDAs of calcium were higher than other nutrients. Intake of iron was more than RDAs, but nutritional status of iron might be poorer considering the food sorce of iron taken by subjects. According to family type, girls of SMF seemed to have more serious to have more serious problem in these nutrients than those of BPF. 2) The average distribution ratios of breakfast, lunch, dinner and snack to total calorie intake was 25.2, 31.3, 24.6 and 18.9 in SMF, and 19.7, 33.1, 24.3 and 22.9 in BPF. Thus it proved that lunch contributed more energy intake than any other meal, and that snack was an important means to supply nutrients for girls of two groups. And energy intake through breakfast of SMF was more than BPF. 3) The major dietary problems of two groups were unbalanced diet, missing meal, and overeating. The degree of sharing meal with family was lower in girls of SMF than those of BPF. The degrees of skipping (p<0.05), or irregularity, or preparing meal by girls(P<0.05) in the case of dinner were tended to be more frequent in SMF than BPF. And number of food taken per day was less various in SMF of 15.2 kinds than BPF of 17.1 kinds(P<0.001). As a conclusion, subjects should take more calcium or iron contained food which is well absorved, and eat diverse foods to improve their nutritional status. And it is also necessary that calorie intake through snack should be diminished, and dinner should be eaten regularly and shared with family if possible. In view of family type, girls of SMF proved to have poorer food habit than those of BPF. Thus, these results shows that dietary pattern of girls is different atcording to family type. Therefore, we should carry out nutritional education for girls considering the difference of dietary pattern by family type. In addition, nutritional education for girls of SMF should be regarded more importantly than those of BPF because girls of SMF might have more chance to manage their meal by themselves and also have more dietary problems.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제39권2호
• /
• pp.160-170
• /
• 2006

This study was conducted to provide foundation data for making health care policy for married women by assessing the dietary intake between highly educated married, employed and unemployed women. It is a direct interview, cross-sectional study with 24-hour recall method for one day. In selecting the subjects for this study, married, unemployed women were selected from a certain area (Daedeok Science Town) in Daejeon where there are high rates of highly educated women, and the married, employed women were selected from the teaching profession in order to avoid confounding due to including a variety of jobs. According to the Korean Standard Classification of Occupations, teaching is the representational occupation of highly educated, married women. Then, to prevent confounding due to age, we selected the subjects out of each age group at the same rate through random sampling. Women who had not graduated college, worked only part-time, or had no current spouse were excluded. As a result, 486 highly-educated, married, unemployed (250) and employed (236) women were used for analyzing data. The unemployed women consumed a higher amount of fat, cholesterol, sodium, vitamin C and folic acid while the employed women consumed a higher amount of iron, vitamin $B_l$ and vitamin $B_2$. P/M/S ratio being 1/1.18/1.05 and 1/1.05/0.87, for the unemployed women and the employed women, respectively, unemployed respondents had a higher saturated fat intake than those of employed. It is in excess of the standard ratio (1/1/1) of the Korean RDA. At the same time, in unemployed respondents the percent of energy intake from fat (24.8%, 23.2%) and animal fat (12.4%, 11.4%) were higher than those of employed respondents. The mean daily nutrient intake of calcium, zinc, and iron for both groups of respondents were lower than the Korean RDA. Both groups had phosphorus as the highest nutrient and calcium as the lowest nutrient of INQ (Index of Nutritional Quality) while nutrients with the INQ being less than 1 were calcium and iron. To sum up, the following conclusions can be made: Nutrition education and guidance for reduction of the intake of fat, especially animal fat, are necessary for unemployed women. In addition, highly educated, married, unemployed and employed women should increase the consumption of foods rich in iron and calcium to prevent anemia and osteoporosis, while decreasing the intake of phosphorus to balance proportions of calcium and phosphorus.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.182-191
• /
• 2001

Anemia in women during pregnancy and after delivery has been known to affect the mother, the fetus, and the infant's growth and health status. Studies examining, changes in iron and folate status associated with anemia during pregnancy and during pregnancy, and those supplements are stopped after postpartum. However, the effects of those have not been clearly determined in pregnant and lactating Korea women. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the changes in maternal iron and folate status during pregnancy and six months after delivery longitudinally in six pregnant women who consumed supplements from 20 wk to delivery. We concluded that the iron status deteriorated during pregnancy and especially was weak in the third trimester, but had a tendency to recovery after delivery. On the other hand, the folate status deteriorated in the first and second trimester and was good in the third trimester, but had a tendency to decrease after delivery. These results suggested that the iron status was not improved despite consuming total iron supplements of 50 mg/day through diets and supplements during the second half of the pregnancy. On the other hand, the folate status improved at the end of pregnancy by consuming folate supplements of a total of 800 mg/day through diets and supplements. However, folate status was poor in the first half of the pregnancy, and the tendency of folate status to decrease during postpartum was advanced. At the point in which iron and therefore supplementation is essential. However, the effects of supplement intake time and intake dosage need to be verified and the nutritional status changes of postpartum women should be carefully monitored.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제50권4호
• /
• pp.350-360
• /
• 2017

본 연구는 제5기 (2010~2011) 국민건강영양조사를 이용하여, 초경 후 여자 청소년, 폐경 전 여성과 폐경 후 여성을 대상으로 철 영양상태 및 식품 섭취 빈도와 혈중 중금속 농도와의 상관성을 규명하고자 수행되었고, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 폐경 후 여성, 폐경 전 여성, 여자 청소년 순으로 혈중 납, 수은, 카드뮴 농도가 높았다. 수은 중독 비율은 폐경 후 여성에서 가장 높았다. 2) 철 영양 상태와 결핍은 초경 후 청소년의 경우, 혈청 페리틴 농도의 평균값이 가장 낮았고, 폐경 전 여성의 경우 헤모글로빈, 헤마토크릿 농도의 평균값이 가장 낮았고, 헤모글로빈, 헤마토크릿, 혈청 페리틴, 철 결핍비율이 가장 높았다. 3) 철 영양상태와 혈중 중금속 농도 관계에서 초경 후 청소년은 철 영양 상태가 나쁠수록 혈중 카드뮴 농도가 높았다. 폐경 전 여성도 철 영양 상태가 나쁠수록 혈중 카드뮴 농도가 높았으나, 혈중 납 농도, 혈중 수은 농도는 낮아 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 폐경 후 여성은 철 영양 상태가 좋을수록 혈중 납 농도는 낮았고, 혈중 수은 농도, 혈중 카드뮴 농도는 높았다. 4) 혈중 중금속 농도와 식품군별 섭취빈도의 상관성은 초경 후 청소년의 경우, 혈중 납 농도는 우유 및 유제품 섭취 빈도와 음의 상관관계를 보였고, 혈중 수은 농도는 생선 및 어패류 섭취 빈도와 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 혈중 카드뮴 농도는 곡류, 우유 및 유제품 섭취 빈도와 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 폐경 전 여성의 경우, 혈중 납 농도와 서류, 육류 및 난류, 과일 섭취 빈도와 음의 상관관계를 보였고, 혈중 수은 농도는 생선 및 어패류 섭취 빈도와 양의 상관관계를 보였고, 곡류, 서류 섭취 빈도와 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 혈중 카드뮴 농도는 서류, 육류 및 난류 섭취 빈도와 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 폐경 후 여성의 경우, 혈중 납 농도는 패스트푸드 및 튀긴 음식 섭취 빈도와 음의 상관관계를 보였고, 혈중 수은 농도는 서류 섭취 빈도와 음의 상관관계를 보였고, 과일섭취 빈도와 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때, 폐경 후 여성의 혈중 중금속 농도와 중독비율이 다른 여성에 비해 더 높았고, 폐경 전 여성의 철 영양상태가 초경 후 청소년과 폐경 후 여성에 비해 좋지 않았다. 초경 후 청소년은 철 영양상태가 나쁠수록 혈중 카드뮴 농도는 높았으며, 우유 및 유제품의 섭취 빈도는 혈중 납 농도, 혈중 카드뮴 농도와 음의 상관관계에 있었다. 폐경 전 여성의 경우, 철 영양상태가 나쁠수록 혈중 카드뮴 농도는 높았으며, 생선 및 어패류 섭취 빈도가 많을수록 혈중 수은 농도가 높아졌다. 결론적으로 여성의 연령, 월경여부 등으로 인해 철 영양상태가 상이함에 따라 혈중 중금속 종류에 따른 농도와의 상관성이 달랐으며, 식품군 섭취빈도와의 상관관계도 다르게 나타남을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제31권9호
• /
• pp.1422-1432
• /
• 1998

This study investigated the nutritional status of 32 CAPD patients. Their weight, height, triceps, mid arm circumference were measured and their dietary intake and the blood profiles were evaluated. They were 56.0${\pm}$11.8 years old. Their intake of energy and protein were 78% and 93% of RDA respectively. The energy from dextrose was 376.1${\pm}$83.2kcal. The men's and women's intake of protein was 84.6% and 102.1% of RDA respectively, According to the distribution of BMI, 23.5% of the men and 6.1% of the women were underweight and 5.9% of the men and 20% of the women were overweight. The serum albumin levels of the men and women were 3.30 and 3.71g/41 respectively. However, the average amount of serum ferritin, as a whole, comes within the normal range, which shows that stored iron was not decreased and that their anemia was not caused by iron deficiency. The subjects were divided into three groups according to the level of albumin, and their intakes of nutrients were compared with one another, The group with the high level of albumin showed that energy and protein intake was significantly larger and that BMI was also significantly higher than the other groups. There was a positive correlation between BMI and energy intake. Serum total protein had a positive correlation to energy intake ; hematocrit, to carbohydrate intake. BMI had a positive correlation to energy intake. A relative magnitude of factors affecting albumin level was analyzed by Stepwise multiple regression analysis. Overall results about relative influence of independent variables to dependent variable(albumin) indicated that the blood total protein(p <0.0001) was the most significantly correlated with serum albumin level in all subjects,1311owe4 by creatinine and total cholesterol. (Korean J Nutrition 31(9) : 1422-1432, 1998)

• Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.44-50
• /
• 2003

The iron status and its relations with nutrient intake, coffee drinking, and cigarette smoking were evaluated through the blood analysis and 3-day dietary recalls in 102 apparently healthy Korean adults (48 males, 54 menstruating females) aged 20-49 years and living in Daejeon City. Mean values of hemoglobin (Hb) in males and females were 15.5g/dL and 13.2g/dL, mean corpscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 36.0% and 36.8 %, serum iron (SI) 135 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dL and 97 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dL, transferrin saturation (TS) 39.4% and 29.2%, and serum ferritin (Ft) 88.1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L and 23.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L, respectively. For males the prevalences of abnormal values of iron status indicators were 4.2% in Hb, 2.1% in TS, and 4.2% in Ft, and for females 16.7% in Hb, 25.9% in TS, and 35.2% in Ft. Among females 9.3% had abnormal Ft, TS, and Hb, which was considered as iron-defeciency anemia, and 14.8% had abnormal Ft and TS. As a whole, the impaired iron status prevalences were estimated to be 2.1 - 4.2% for males and 9.3 - 35.2% for females. Mean daily intakes of iron and heme-iron were 13.7mg and 1.51mg in males, and 12.3mg and 1.45mg in females. Ft was positively correlated with dietary energy, protein, iron, and vitamin A, Hb with energy and iron, and MCHC with iron and heme iron. Vitamin A also tended to show positive correlations with Hb, SI, and TS. Coffee drinkers taking 3 cups per day or more had higher levels of Hb, MCHC, and Ft in males and MCHC in females, compared to non-coffee drinkers. Higher levels of Hb and MCHC were found in male smokers than in non-smokers. Coffee drinkers took more energy and vitamin A in males and MPF protein in females than non-coffee drinkers. From the above results, it was suggested that the iron status of men was much better than that of women, and the intakes of energy, iron, heme iron, and especially vitamin A were positively associated with the iron status. Cigarette smoking elevated Hb and MCHC, but the effect of coffee drinking on iron staus was not clear. (J Community Nutrition 5(1) : 44∼50, 2003)

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제30권4호
• /
• pp.739-746
• /
• 2001

본 연구는 강원도 강릉시에 위치한 중학교 2학년에 재학중인 남녀 학생 270명을 대상으로 3일간 식사기록법을 이용하여 식이섭취를 조사한 후 1일 평균 영양소 섭취량을 파악하고 다양한 방법에 의해 영양소 섭취를 기준으로 식사의 질을 평가하였다. 조사대상자들의 하루 평균 에너지 섭취는 2114$\pm$502 kcal로 남학생은 2256$\pm$608 kcal 여학생은 1961$\pm$548 kcal로 조사되었으며 열량에 기여하는 탄수화물 : 단백질: 지질의 비율은 남학생이 61.3:16.8:21.9 여학생은 61.8:16.2:22.0으로 나타났다. 단백질은 71.7 g을 섭취하는 것으로 나타났는데 그중 동물성 식품으로 45.8%를 섭취하는 것으로 조사되어 질적으로 우수함을 알수 있었다. 영양권잘양 대비 영양소별 섭취량은 단백질 인, 비타민 B$_1$나이아신, 비타민 C는 권장량을 충분히 섭취하는 것으로 나타났으나 칼슘, 철분, 비타민A, 비타민 B$_2$는 권장량에 미달되었으며 칼슘 철분은 권장량의 75% 이하였다. 특히 칼슘은 47.3%로 칼슘 결핍 현상이 우려되는 수준이었으며 모든 영양소에 남년간의 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 영양섭취량을 권장량에 대한 비율로 나타낸 NAR은 모든 영양소에서 1보다 적게 나타났다. 특히 칼슘은 0.45로 심각성을 여실히 드러냈으며 비타민A는 0.59 철분은 0.54로 낮은 값을 나타냈고 비타민 A는 남녀간에 유의한 차이를 보였다. (p<0.001). 에너지 섭취 차이를 고려한 영양의 질적지수인 INQ 값은 단백질, 인, 비타민B$_2$는 1보다 낮아 에너지 섭취가 충분하더라도 영양부족인 것으로 조사되어 대상자들의 영양결핍 현상이 우려되며 그 개선안이 시급할것으로 생각된다. 영양권장량의 75% 이상 섭취한 집단에서 INQ값은 칼슘과 비타민 B$_2$를 제외한 모든 영양소에서 1이 넘는 것으로 나타났고 권장량의 50% 미만을 섭취하는 경우는 모든 영양소에서 1 미만으로 나타났으며 특히 칼슘, 철분과 비타민 A는 매우 낮은 값을 보였다. 이상의 조사 결과일부 청소년 중학생들은 칼슘, 철분, 비타민 A 그리고 비타민 B$_2$의 섭취가 권장량에 비해 부족한 것으로 나타났고 특히 칼슘과 철분의 섭취량은 심히 낮아 청소년들의 성장과 건강에 악영향을 끼칠 것으로 보인다. 따라서 이들 영양소에 대한 식생활의 영양적인 관리가 필요하며 학생과 학부모를 대상으로 영양교육이 절실히 필요한 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제26권6호
• /
• pp.772-782
• /
• 1993

한국인 수유부 29명에 대하여 분만 후 1주부터 12주까지 5회에 걸쳐서 조사한 식이 섭취량과 같은 기간에 이들로부터 채유한 모든 시료에서 무기질과 미량원소의 함량을 측정하였다. 또한 얻어진 자료량과의 관계 및 모유내 각 무기질 농도 사이의 상관성을 비교 분석하였다. 본 연구 대상인 수유부들의 영양섭취 정도는 개인에 따른 차이가 컸으며 하루 평균 영양소 섭취량은 모든 한국 수유부에 대한 영양 권장량에 미달되었다. 성숙유에서 분석된 무기질과 미량원소의 농도분포도 넓었으며 칼슘과 마그네슘의 농도가 다른 연구 결과보다 다소 높은 경향이었고, 망간의 몰리브덴을 제외한 다른 미량원소의 함량은 여러나라에서 보고한 농도 범위에 포함되었다. 수유뷰의 열량 섭취량은 모유의 나트륨 농도와 음의 상관성이 있었으며 단백실 섭취량과 유즙의 아연 및 구리 함량은 양의 상관성을 나타내었고 몰르브덴 농도와는 음의 상관 관계가 있었다. 칼슘 섭취량은 모유의 마그네슘 농도에 영향을 주었으며 인의 섭취는 유즙내 니켈 함량에 영향을 주었다. 비타민 C섭취량은 모유의 철분 함량에 영향을 주지 않았으며 구리와는 음의 상관성이 나타났다. 모유의 5가지 무기질과, 6가지 미량원소에 대한 각각의 농도 사이에서 아래와 같이 17쌍은 p<0.05 수준에서 유의성있는 양의 상관성 보여주었다. 즉, 나트륨 농도와는 칼륨과 철분 ; 칼륨 농도와는 칼슘, 인, 마그네슘, 철분, 구리, 망간, ; 칼슘 농도와는 마그네슘, 철분, 망간, 몰리브덴, 니켈; 마그네슘 농도와는 철분, 몰리브덴 ; 철분 농도와는 아연; 끝으로 니켈 농도와 망간 사이에 상관성이 나타났다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.9-16
• /
• 1994

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of dietary low (Fe) levels on Fe metabolism of cadmium(Cd) poisoned rats. 40 male Sprague weaning Dawley rats weighing 80-90g were divided into 4 groups(LFe:low Fe, LFeCd:low Fe and Cd, AFe: adequate Fe, AFeCd: adequate Fe and Cd) according to Cd administration(0, 50ppm in drinking water) and Fe levels(Fe:6ppm, 40ppm in diet)for 12 weeks. The food intake and body weight gain of Cd group with low Fe(LFeCd) were significantly lower than those of without Cd group with adequate Fe(AFe)(p<0.01, P<0.05). But there was no significantly difference between Cd groups and without Cd groups in water intake. The blood levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum levels of Fe of LFeCd were significantly lower than those of AFe(p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.001). The urinary and fecal excretion of Fe of LFeCd was significantly lower than that of AFe(p<0.05, p0.05). The levels of Fe of liver, spleen in LFeCd were lower than those of AFeCd(p<0.05, p<0.05). These results indicates that adequate iron supplementation to Cd pretreated rats induce protective effects on the reduction of Fe status by Cd poisoning.