• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2004

Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) was exposed to waterborne iron (0.1, 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 mg/L) for 50 days. The effects of iron on blood iron status and iron binding capacity were studied. The serum iron concentration was significantly higher than in the group exposed to iron (1, 5 and 10 mg/L) in comparison to the control after 30 days of exposure to iron. A significant decrease in unsaturated iron binding capacity was found between the control and the group exposed to iron (5 and 10 mg/L, respectively) at 40 and 50 days, respectively. The total iron binding capacity of serum in the fish exposed to iron concentrations (5 and 10 mg/L) showed a significant decrease compared to that of the control at 40 days after iron exposure. Serum iron saturation values increased in the flounder exposed to iron concentration (5 and 10 mg/L) at 50 days. Our data suggest that sub-lethal exposure of waterborne iron alters the blood iron concentration and iron binding capacity, and these parameters seems to be valuable factors for screening and diagnosis of iron overload syndromes in fish.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.230-238
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• 1995

Iron and zinc were bound by neutral detergent fiber (NDF) obtained from 15 kinds of vegetables being consumed commonly in Korea. Binding capacity of Fe and Zn of NDF ranged from 37.8% to 85.5% and from 81% to 25.5%, respectively showing higher binding capacity of Fe to NDF than of Zn. Both Fe and Zn binding capacity of NDF increased as pH increased and reached to a maximum at pH 7 In all vegetables. The amount of mineral (Fe and Zn) bound to NDF increased as mineral concentration Increased.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.174-178
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• 2010

Calcium and iron binding peptides were prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis and ultrafiltration of rice bran protein (RBP), which was isolated from defatted rice bran by phytase and xylanase treatment and ultrasonication. The isolated RBP had a molecular weight in the range of 10-66 kDa. The extracted proteins were hydrolyzed using Flavourzyme for 6 hr. After ultrafiltration under 5 kDa as molecular weight, the peptides were fractionated into 4 peaks by Sephadex G-15 gel permeation chromatography, and each fraction was determined for calcium and iron binding activity. As the result, Fl and F2 fractions were the best candidate for calcium and iron chelation, respectively. These results suggest that the calcium and iron binding peptides can be used as functional food additives in food industry.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.7
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• pp.1162-1166
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• 2013

Proteins from sunflower seeds were hydrolyzed with Alcalase and Flavourzyme to isolate iron-binding peptides. The optimal hydrolysis conditions were determined. Hydrolysates were filtered under a 3 kDa membrane and iron-binding peptides separated from the hydrolysates using ion exchange and gel permeation chromatographic methods. A fraction with the highest iron-binding activity (Fe/peptide, 0.69), F22, was obtained. These results suggest that fractions isolated from sunflower seed protein hydrolysates can be applied toward the production of iron supplements.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.263-266
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• 2012

Isolation of iron and calcium-binding peptides derived from cottonseed meal protein (CMP) hydrolysates was investigated. The degree of hydrolysis of CMP by Flavourzyme was monitored using trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid method and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Enzymatic hydrolysis of CMP for 12 h was sufficient for the preparation of CMP hydrolysates, and the hydrolysates were membrane-filtered under 3 kDa as a molecular weight. The filtered solution was fractionated using Q-Sepharose fast flow, Sephadex G-15, and reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography for iron and calcium-binding peptides. As a result, F51 fraction was obtained as the best candidate for calcium and iron chelation, and the isolated iron and calcium-binding peptides can be used as functional food additives, similar to iron and calcium supplements.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.104-111
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• 2001

There are some evidence that active enzymatic proteins, e.g. fungal laccase, exist in the naturally occured soil humus. This study was performed to investigate the covalent binding of fungal laccase to the humic acid-iron complex, and to measure laccase activity of immobilized ones. Seven methods were adopted to form the covalent binding of fungal laccase with soil humic acids complexed with iron. Using these seven methods it was possible to change the dimension of spacer arm between laccase and support, and also to regulate the mode of covalent binding of this enzyme. The spacer arm was regulated from 2C to 11C. There was not observed any straight relationship between the spacer arm longitude and the laccase activity after immobilization, but the binding mode more effective than the former. Three out of the seven methods gave the high activity of immobilized laccase, and which active products of laccase immobilization was stable up to 10 days after the process. It is indicated that natural soil condition might be prevented the laccase activation by the toxic influence of some phenolic humic compounds. It was shown, for the first time, the possibilities to obtain the high activity of fungal laccase by binding to humic acids, and especially in complex with iron.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.141-147
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• 1970

Nutritional anemias are an important nutritional problem affecting large population groups in most developing countries. Many reports on investigations of nutritional anemias have been published and there is good evidence that prevalence of iron deficiency anemias in vulnerable groups is high in many areas of the world. However, there is a general lack of accurate data on its prevalence throughout the world. Methods used to measure different factors have been variable and often of poor quality. Furthermore recent comparison of values obtained in different laboratories have shown a much greater discrepancy in iron binding capacity measurements as compared with serum iron determinations. Since the major cause of these differences appears related to the technique employed, the efforts of the central laboratory will be directed initially to standardization of methodology. My laboratory has been joined interlaboratory comparison of WHO studies of iron standardization. The determination of serum iron, iron-binding capacity and transferrin saturation was done on healthy adults, 79 males and 20 females, who visited hospital for health certificate from January to July 1970. The serum iron was determined by the method of modification of Bothwell and Mallett and total iron blinding capacity by Ramsay method and Bothwell and Mallett method. The results of this study are as follows; 1) The serum iron concentration of seventy nine adult male by the method presented is $131.5{\pm}37.3{\mu}g/100ml\;(range\;52.5{\sim}225.0{\mu}g/100ml)$ and of twenty female adult is $108.5{\pm}40.2{\mu}g/100ml\;(range\;45.0{\sim}202.5{\mu}g/100ml)$. 2) The adult male level of serum iron-binding capacity is $330.9{\pm}48.9{\mu}g/100ml\;and\;adult\;female\;is\;291.2{\pm}55.2{\mu}g/100ml$. 3) The transferring saturation of healthy male is $35.6{\pm}12.8%\;(range\;15.1{\sim}18.0%)\;and\;of\;female\;as\;25.4{\pm}12.4%\;(range\;10.1{\sim}60.0)$.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.248-250
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• 1998

In this study, transferrin which is an iron-carrying glycoprotein in plasma was evaluted for its iron binding capacities(TIBC), iron solubilizing abilities, and enhancing effect of biological availbability of iron. Results of TIBC showed that 1 mg of transferrin could blind 1.28$\mu\textrm{g}$ of iron indicating that one molecule of transferrin can bind about 2 molecules of iron. Also, solubility of iorn (7.5$\mu\textrm{g}$ Fe/ml) was significantly incresed to 96.0% with addition of transferrin (5mg/ml) .When FeCl3(80$\mu\textrm{g}$ Fe/ml) was injected to iron-deficient rats by intestinal segment in situ technique, 18.4% of injected iron was absorbed wherease 48.49 and 48.76% of injected iron was absorbed with addition of 10 and 20 mg transferrin/ml , respectively.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.366-369
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• 2008

Proteins secreted from bifidobacteria are believed to play important roles in human intestines via interacting with different host cells. In this respect, proteins secreted from Bifidobacterium pseudocatanulatum BP1, which has been rarely studied, were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE). Using this approach, approx-imately 21 protein spots on a 2DE gel were detected and 10 of these spots were identified by mass spectrometry. Five spots were identified as hypothetical proteins and the remaining 5 spots were identified as a putative iron-side-rophore binding lipoprotein, a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase SDR, an exonuclease, cytochrome P450 hydroxylase, and a putative dehydrogenase. The identification of secreted putative iron-siderophore binding lipoprotein was highly interesting since it is an important protein that is involved in ferric iron uptake in pathogenic bacteria. This finding could accelerate studies on the probiotic effect of Bifidobacterium by explaining the competition between bifidobacteria and intestinal pathogens for ferric iron.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.62-65
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• 1999

Iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) 1 and 2 bind with equally high affinity to specific RNA stem-loop sequences known as iron-responsive elements (IRE) which mediate the post-transcriptional regulation of many genes of iron metabolism. To study putative IRE-like sequences in RNA transcripts using the IRP-IRE interaction, Eight known genes from database were selected and the RNA binding activity of IRE-like sequences were compared to IRP-2. Among them, the IRE-like sequence in 3'-untranslational region (UTR) of divalent ration transporter-1 (DCT-1) shows a significant RNA binding affinity. This finding predicts that IRE consensus sequence present within 3'-UTR of DCT-1 might confer the regulation by IRP-2.