• 제목/요약/키워드: ionospheric conductivity

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전리층 전기전도도의 추정과 관련된 불확실성 (UNCERTAINTIES INVOLVED IN THE IONOSPHERIC CONDUCTIVITY ESTIMATION)

  • 곽영실;안병호
    • Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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    • 제19권4호
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    • pp.243-254
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    • 2002
  • Sondrestrom 비간섭 산란 레이더로부터 구한 전자밀도분포를 이용하여, 전리층의 전기전도도를 추정할때 야기되는 불확실성들을 검토하였다. 첫째, 실제로 관측된 전자밀도와 전자와 양이온의 온도차이 및 Debye length효과를 보정한 전자밀도를 사용했을 경우에 야기되는 전리층 전기전도도의 차이점을 비교하였다. 보정한 전자밀도로부터 추정된 전기전도도는 실측 전자밀도를 사용했을 때 보다 큰 값을 나타내었다. 둘째, 전기전도도 추정에 이용되는 전자-중성대기 및 양이 온-중성대기의 충돌빈도모델에 따른 차이점도 비교해 보았다. 약 110km 이하의 고도에서는 전기전도도가 충돌빈도모델에 크게 의존하지 않았지만, 약 110km 이상의 고도에서는 이용된 모델에 따라 전기전도도의 값이 달랐다. 셋째, 전자 및 양이온의 부정확한 온도측정이 전기전도도의 추정에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 전자 및 양이온의 온도측정에 약 10% 이내의 오차가 포함된 경우가 전기전도도의 계산에는 큰 영향을 미치지 않았다. 마지막으로, 고도 적분된 전기전도도의 추정시 적용되는 적분 구간에 대해서도 검토해 본 결과, Hall 및 Pedersen 전기전도도의 값이 각각 하부 및 상부 적분 고도의 선택에 매우 민감하다는 것이 밝혀졌다.

Response of the Geomagnetic Activity Indices to the Solar Wind Parameters

  • Ahn, Byung-Ho;Park, Yoon-Kyung
    • Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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    • 제25권2호
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    • pp.129-138
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    • 2008
  • This study attempts to show how the geomagnetic indices, AU, AL and Dst, respond to the interplanetary parameters, more specifically, the solar wind electric field VBz during southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) period. The AU index does not seem to respond linearly to the variation of southward IMF. Only a noticeable correlation between the AU and VBz is shown during summer, when the ionospheric conductivity associated with the solar EUV radiation is high. It is highly likely that the effect of electric field on the eastward electrojet intensification is only noticeable whenever the ionospheric conductivity is significantly enhanced during summer. Thus, one should be very cautious in employing the AU as a convection index during other seasons. The AL index shows a significantly high correlation with VBz regardless of season. Considering that the auroral electrojet is the combined result of electric field and ionospheric conductivity, the intensification of these two quantities seems to occur concurrently during southward IMF period. This suggests that the AL index behaves more like a convection index rather than a substorm index as far as hourly mean AL index is concerned. Contrary to the AU index, the AL index does not register the maximum value during summer for a given level of VBz. It has something to do with the findings that discrete auroras are suppressed in sunlight hemisphere (Newell et al. 1996), thus reducing the ionospheric conductivity during summer. As expected, the Dst index tends to become more negative as VBz gets intensified. However, the Dst index (nT) is less than or equal to 15VBz(mV/m) + 50(Bz < 0). It indicates that VBz determines the lower limit of the storm size, while another factor(s), possibly substorm, seems to get further involved in intensifying storms. Although it has not been examined in this study, the duration of southward IMF would also be a factor to be considered in determining the size of a storm.

지상지자기변화기록을 이용한 우주천기연구 (SPACE WEATHER RESEARCH BASED ON GROUND GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCE DATA)

  • 안병호
    • 천문학논총
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    • 제15권spc2호
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    • pp.1-13
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    • 2000
  • Through the coupling between the near-earth space environment and the polar ionosphere via geomagnetic field lines, the variations occurred in the magnetosphere are transferred to the polar region. According to recent studies, however, the polar ionosphere reacts not only passively to such variations, but also plays active roles in modifying the near-earth space environment. So the study of the polar ionosphere in terms of geomagnetic disturbance becomes one of the major elements in space weather research. Although it is an indirect method, ground magnetic disturbance data can be used in estimating the ionospheric current distribution. By employing a realistic ionospheric conductivity model, it is further possible to obtain the distributions of electric potential, field-aligned current, Joule heating rate and energy injection rate associated with precipitating auroral particles and their energy spectra in a global scale with a high time resolution. Considering that the ground magnetic disturbances are recorded simultaneously over the entire polar region wherever magnetic station is located, we are able to separate temporal disturbances from spatial ones. On the other hand, satellite measurements are indispensible in the space weather research, since they provide us with in situ measurements. Unfortunately it is not easy to separate temporal variations from spatial ones specifically measured by a single satellite. To demonstrate the usefulness of ground magnetic disturbance data in space weather research, various ionospheric quantities are calculated through the KRM method, one of the magneto gram inversion methods. In particular, we attempt to show how these quantities depend on the ionospheric conductivity model employed.

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SUPERDARN과 GREENLAND 자력계를 이용한 전리층 전기전도도의 추정 (ESTIMATION OF IONOSPHERIC CONDUCTIVITY BASED ON THE MEASUREMENTS BY SUPERDARN HF RADARS AND GREENLAND MAGNETOMETERS)

  • 이은아;안병호;이유
    • Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.141-150
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    • 2002
  • 전리층은 우주환경의 변화에 매우 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 특히 전기전도도 분포에 관한 정보는 자기권-전리층 상호작용을 이해하는데 필수적이다. 이러한 요구에 부응해서 전기전도도를 구하려는 다양한 시도가 있었다. 본 연구에서는 SuperDARN(Super Dual Auroral Radar Network) 레이더망 중 Goose Bay 및 Stokkseyri 레이더에서 관측한 전기장과 Greenland의 서부해안에 설치된 지자기 관측소에서 동시에 얻은 지상 지자기 기록을 이용하여 전기전도도를 추정하였다. 또한 전리층을 흐르는 전류를 무한판상으로 가정하고 Biot-Savart 및 Ohm의 법칙을 적용하여 Hall 및 Pedersen 전기전도도를 추정하였다. 예상한대로 Hall 전기전도도는 오로라 제트전류대의 중심을 따라 상당히 강화됨을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 Pedersen 전기전도도는 광범위한 지역에 서 음의 값이 나타났다. 이러한 문제를 보완하기 위해서 지자기 변화 성분인 ${\Delta}D$에 연자기력선 전류의 효과를 고려하였다. 그 결과 이전에 음으로 나타난 지역이 상당히 감소되었다. 따라서 지상 지자기 변화 자료와 레이더에서 관측된 전기장을 이용해서 전기전도도를 구하는 경우 연자기력선 전류의 효과를 고려해야 한다.

Characteristics of the Polar Ionosphere Based on the Chatanika and Sondrestrom Incoherent Scatter Radars

  • Kwak, Young-Sil;Ahn, Byung-Ho
    • Ocean and Polar Research
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    • 제26권3호
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    • pp.489-499
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    • 2004
  • The climatological characteristics of the polar ionospheric currents obtained from the simultaneous observations of the ionospheric electric field and conductivity are examined. For this purpose, 43 and 109 days of measurements from the Chatanika and Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radars are utilized respectively. The ionospheric current density is compared with the corresponding ground magnetic disturbance. Several interesting characteristics about the polar ionosphere are apparent from this study: (1) The sun determines largely the conductance over the Sondrestrom radar, while the nighttime conductance distribution over the Chatanika radar is significantly affected by auroral precipitation. (2) The regions of the maximum N-S electric field over the Chatanika radar are located approximately at the dawn and dusk sectors, while they tend to shift towards dayside over the Sondrestrom radar. The N-S component over Son-drestrom is slightly stronger than Chatanika. However, the E-W component over Chatanika is negligible compared to that of Sondrestrom. (3) The E-W ionospheric current flows dominantly in the night hemisphere over Chatanika, while it flows in the sunlit hemisphere over Sondrestrom. The N-S current over Chatanika flows prominently in the dawn and dusk sectors, while a strong southward current flows in the prenoon sector over Sondrestrom. (4) The assumption of infinite sheet current approximation is far from realistic, underestimating the current density by a factor of 2 or more. It is particularly serious for the higher latitude region. (5) The correlation between ${\Delta}H\;and\;J_E$ is higher than the one between ${\Delta}D\;and\;J_N$, indicating that field-aligned current affects ${\Delta}D$significantly.

지자기교란시 극전리층의 전자기적인 특성 (THE ELECTROMAGNETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POLAR IONOSPHERE DURING A MODERATELY DISTURBED PERIOD)

  • 안병호
    • Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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    • 제12권2호
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    • pp.216-233
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    • 1995
  • Kamide et al.(1981)이 개발한 지자기기록 연전방법인 KRM 방법과 Ahn et al.(1995)이 개발한 전기전도도모델을 이용하여 지자기활동이 중간정도로 교란된 기간동안의 극전리층의 전기전도도, 전위, 수평전류, 연자기력선전류, Joule 열 발생, 오로라입자에 의한 에너지유입 등의 분포 및 하강오로라입자의 에너지스펙트럼상의 특성을 조사하였다. 지상지자기자료는 단일 자력계망(Alsaka meridian chain)에서 장기간 (1978년 3월 9일부터 4월 27일까지)에 걸쳐 얻어진 자료이므로 극전리층의 평균적인 전자기상태를 보여줄 것으로 기대되낟. 본연구에서 얻어진 몇가지 결론은 다음과 같다. (1) 전위분포는 소위 두개의 대류 cell이라 불리우는 형태를 나타내며 아침영역의 양의 전위 cell이 저녁영역의 음의 전위 cell로 깊숙히 진입된 모습을 보이고 있다. (2) 이 기간동안 오로라제트전류대가 잘 발달되어 있으며 DP-1 및 DP-2 전류계가 확인되었다. 아침영역의 서향제트전류대의 극쪽영역은 전기장이 전기전도도보다 전류의 밀도를 증가시키는데 더 중요한 구실을 하는 반면 적도쪽은 전기전도도가 상대적으로 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있다. (3) 전지구적인 규모의 연자기력선전류의 분포는 Iijima & Potemra(1976)가 구한 통계적인 분포와 유사했다. 그러나 이미 지적된 바(Kamide 1988)와 같이 영역 1의 전류밀도가 영역 2보다 현저하게 높았다. (4) Joule 열발생은 섬처럼 격리된 영역에 집중되어 나타났다. 하나는 서향제트전류대의 극쪽사면을 따라 나타나고 다른 하나는 오후영역의 동향전류대를 따라 나타났다. (5) 하강오로라입자의 최대 평균 에너지는 아침시간대(07~08 MLT)에 나타나는 반면 최대에너지유입은 02 MLT 시간대에 관측되었다. 그래서 지자기활동이 증가할 때 수반되는 오로라밝기의 증가와 전기전도도의 강화는 하강전자의 평균에너지의 증가보다는 에너지속의 증가와 더 밀접한 관계가 있는 것 같다.

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On the Electric Fields Produced by Dipolar Coulomb Charges of an Individual Thundercloud in the Ionosphere

  • Kim, Vitaly P.;Hegai, Valery V.
    • Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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    • 제32권2호
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    • pp.141-144
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    • 2015
  • In this paper we study the transmission of the electrostatic field due to coulomb charges of an individual thundercloud into the midlatitude ionosphere, taking into account the total geomagnetic field integrated Pedersen conductivity of the ionosphere. It is shown that at ionospheric altitudes, a typical thundercloud produces an insignificant electrostatic field whereas a giant thundercloud can drive the horizontal electrostatic field with a magnitude of ${\sim}270{\mu}V/m$ for nighttime conditions.

SEASONAL AND UNIVERSAL TIME VARIATIONS OF THE AU, AL AND DST INDICES

  • AHN BYUNG-HO;MOON GA-HEE
    • 천문학회지
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    • 제36권spc1호
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    • pp.93-99
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    • 2003
  • Various attempts have been made to explain the: pronounced seasonal and universal time (UT) variations of geomagnetic indices. As one of such attempts, we analyze the hourly-averaged auroral electroject indices obtained during the past 20 years. The AU and AL indices maximize during summer and equinoctial months, respectively. By normalizing the contribution of the solar conductivity enhancement to the AU index, or to the eastward electrojet, it is found that the AU also follows the same semiannual variation pattern of the AL index, suggesting that the electric field is the main modulator of the semiannual magnetic variation. The fact that the variation pattern of the yearly-mean AU index follows the mirror image of the AL index provides another indication that the electric field is the main modulator of magnetic disturbance. The pronounced UT variations of the auroral electrojet indices are also noted. To determine the magnetic activity dependence, the probability of recording a given activity level of AU and AL during each UT is examined. The UT variation of the AL index, thus obtained, shows a maximum at around 1200-1800 UT and a minimum around 0000-0800 UT particularly during winter. It is closely associated with the rotation of the geomagnetic pole around the rotational axis, which results in the change of the solar-originated ionospheric conductivity distribution over the polar region. On the other hand the UT variation is prominent during disturbed periods, indicating that the latitudinal mismatch between the AE stations and the auroral electrojet belt is responsible for it. Although not as prominent as the AL index, the probability distribution of the AU also shows two UT peaks. We confirm that the Dst index shows more prominent seasonal variation than the AE indices. However, the UT variation of the Dst index is only noticeable during the main phase of a magnetic storm. It is a combined result of the uneven distribution of the Dst stations and frequent developments of the partial ring current and substorm wedge current preferentially during the main phase.