• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.187-192
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• 2012

Objectives Although antipsychotic drug clozapine has superior efficacy, this is hampered by metabolic side effects such as weight gain and diabetes. Recent studies demonstrate that clozapine induces insulin resistance. However, the identity and location of insulin resistance induced by clozapine has not been clarified. In this study, the effect of clozapine on central insulin response was investigated in rats. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats received intraperitoneal injection of clozapine or vehicle, which was followed by intracerebroventricular injection of insulin or its vehicle. The effects of clozapine on insulin-induced changes in blood glucose level and Akt phosphorylation in hypothalamus were investigated. Results Intraperitoneal injection of clozapine (20 mg/kg) increased blood glucose in rats. Intracerebroventricular injection of insulin reduced blood glucose in rats, which was blunted by pretreatment of clozapine. Accompanied with the antagonistic effect of clozapine to central insulin action in terms of blood glucose, clozapine inhibited the insulin-induced phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473 in rat hypothalamus. Conclusion Administration of clozapine inhibited the central insulin-induced changes in blood glucose and Akt phosphorylation in rat hypothalamus. These findings suggest that hypothalamus could be the site of action for the clozapine-induced insulin resistance.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.3 no.2 s.5
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• pp.92-97
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• 2003

Background: Gabapentin is a novel anti-epileptic drug, which is used in clinical practice to treat epilepsy. This drug is also used as an analgesic in pain patients. The antinociceptive effect of this drug was assessed using the formalin test in the rat. Methods: In order to investigate the effects of gabapentin on the trigeminal nerve territory, we injected 0.5% formalin into the upper lip. Adult, male, Sprague-Dawley rats received a $50{\mu}l$ subcutaneous injection of 5% formalin into one vibrissal pad and the consequent, facial grooming behavior was monitored. Consistent with previous investigations using tile formalin model, animals exhibited biphasic nocifensive grooming (phase 1, 0-12 min; phase 2, 12-60 min). Results: The intraperitoneal administration gabapentin 5 minutes prior to the formalin injection led to a significant, dose-dependent reduction in grooming time during phase 2. In high doses, gabapentin also reduced the time of grooming during phase 1. Conclusions: The Intraperitoneal injection of gabapentin has an analgesic effect in the facial formalin rat model and this analgesic effect increases dose-dependently.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1694-1698
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• 2004

We hope to evaluate the effects of Sabaek-san for the bronchial asthma using assesment on the metrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9) after Sabaek-san was intravenously administered OVA-sensitized and -challenged mice. Seventy-two female mice, 8-10 weeks of age and free of murine specific pathogens, were used. Of the seventy-two mice, twenty-four mice were not sensitized and forty-eight mice were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of OVA. Of the sensitized mice, twenty-four mice didn't administrate Sabaek-san and twenty-four administrated Sabaek-san. Mice were sensitized on days 1 and 14 by intraperitoneal injection of 20 fig OVA. On days 21, 22 and 23 after the initial sensitization, the mice were challenged for 30 minutes with an aerosol of 1% OVA in saline. Sabaek-san administered 200㎎/㎏ in the tail of the mouse, one time per day, for 7 days, beginning 14 days after first sensitization. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed 72 hours after the last challenge, and total cell numbers in the BAL fluid were count. Also, level of MMP-9 in the BAL fluid were measured by Enzyme immunoassays and Western blot analysis. Enzyme immunoassay revealed that MMP-9 levels in the BAL fluids significantly increased 72 h after OVA inhalation compared with levels in the control group. After administration of the Sabaek-san, the levels of the MMP-9 in BAL fluids 72 h after OVA inhalation reduced dramatically. Western blot analysis revealed that MMP-9 levels increased in the all mice which were challenge with OVA without administered Sabaek-san compared the normal mouse. However, in the groups of the administered Sabaek-san, the MMP-9 level markedly decreased. Sabaek-san might be effect the treatment of the bronchial asthma as a inhibition of the MMP-9.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1986

Using an experimental model of pulmonary hypertension, the effects of anticonstrictive drugs on the development of pulmonary vascular remodeling and right ventricular hypertrophy were studied. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200~250 gm were used. For the experimental model of pulmonary hypertension, a group of animal was given by a subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline on a dose of 20mg, 40mg, or 60mg per kg of body weight. After 4 weeks of injection, all animals were sacrificed. Another group of animal was given by a subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline in a dose of 40 mg per kg of body weight. The animals were sacrificed, in which they were kept alive for 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks, respectively. For the effects of anticonstrictive drugs on the development of pulmonary vascular remodeling and right ventricular hypertrophy, the animals treated with monocrotaline were given daily by an intraperitoneal injection of phenoxybenzamine in a dose of 1.3mg/kg of body weight, and were given propranolol via their drinking water at a concentration of 400mg/liter. The animals were sacrificed after 4 weeks of administration. The hearts and lungs were examined histopathologically and morphometrically. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The rats treated with monocrotaline showed an interstitial pneumonitis, medial thickening of the pulmonary small arteries and hypertrophy of the right ventricular wall. 2. The medial thickening of the pulmonary arteries in rats treated with monocrotaline was due to muscular hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and the right ventricular hypertrophy was due to hypertrophy of cardiac muscles. Both medial thickening of the pulmonary arteries and hypertrophy of right ventricular wall were more marked with time and with dose. 3. The daily intraperitoneal injection of phenoxybenzamine suppressed significantly the percentage medial thickness of pulmonary small arteries and the index of right ventricular hypertrophy in rats given a single subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline, but propranolol has shown no protective effect on the development of medial thickening of pulmonary arteries and right ventricular hypertrophy in treated with monocrotaline. The results described above suggested that monocrotaline is an alkaloid selectively inducing pulmonary hypertension and that a-adrenergic receptor is responsible for the pathogenesis of monocrotaline induced pulmonary hypertension in rat.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.211-220
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• 2021

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the possibility that curcumin (CMN) protects against methotrexate (MTX)-induced testicular damage by affecting the phospho-p38 (p-p38) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Methods: Eighteen male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into three groups. The control group was given an intragastric administration of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) daily for 14 days, the MTX group was given a single intraperitoneal dose of MTX (20 mg/kg) on the 11th day, and the MTX+CMN group was given intragastric CMN (100 mg/kg/day, dissolved in DMSO) for 14 days and a single intraperitoneal dose of MTX (20 mg/kg) on the 11th day. At the end of the experiment, all animals were sacrificed and the testicular tissues were removed for morphometry, histology, and immunohistochemistry. Body and testicular weights were measured. Results: Body weights, seminiferous tubule diameter, and germinal epithelium height significantly decreased in the MTX group compared to the control group. Whereas, the number of histologically damaged seminiferous tubules and interstitial space width significantly increased in the MTX group. In addition, the number of p-p38 MAPK immunopositive cells and the immunoreactivity of NF-κB also increased in the MTX group compared to the control group. CMN improved loss of body weight, morphometric values, and histological damage due to MTX. CMN also reduced the number of p-p38 MAPK immunopositive cells and the NF-κB immunoreactivity. Conclusion: CMN may reduce MTX-induced testicular damage by suppressing the p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.163-172
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• 2023

Background: Synaptic plasticity contributes to nociceptive signal transmission and modulation, with calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK II) playing a fundamental role in neural plasticity. This research was conducted to investigate the role of CaMK II in the transmission and regulation of nociceptive information within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of naïve and morphine-tolerant rats. Methods: Randall Selitto and hot-plate tests were utilized to measure the hindpaw withdrawal latencies (HWLs) in response to noxious mechanical and thermal stimuli. To induce chronic morphine tolerance, rats received intraperitoneal morphine injection twice per day for seven days. CaMK II expression and activity were assessed using western blotting. Results: Intra-NAc microinjection of autocamtide-2-related inhibitory peptide (AIP) induced an increase in HWLs in naïve rats in response to noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli. Moreover, the expression of the phosphorylated CaMK II (p-CaMK II) was significantly decreased as determined by western blotting. Chronic intraperitoneal injection of morphine resulted in significant morphine tolerance in rats on Day 7, and an increase of p-CaMK II expression in NAc in morphine-tolerant rats was observed. Furthermore, intra-NAc administration of AIP elicited significant antinociceptive responses in morphine-tolerant rats. In addition, compared with naïve rats, AIP induced stronger thermal antinociceptive effects of the same dose in rats exhibiting morphine tolerance. Conclusions: This study shows that CaMK II in the NAc is involved in the transmission and regulation of nociception in naïve and morphine-tolerant rats.

• Mycobiology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.106-109
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• 2008

The anti-tumor effects of exo- (EX) and endo-biopolymers (EN) produced from submerged mycelial cultures of Ganoderma applanatum (GA), Collybia confluens (CC), and Pleurotus eryngii (PE) were studied using Sarcoma 180 bearing mice. Solid tumor growth was inhibited most effectively when 40 mg/kg body weight (BW) of GA-EX or PE-EN was administered to the intraperitoneal (i.p.) cavity of BALB/c mice. The spleen and liver indexes were increased in mice following i.p. administration of GA-EX and PE-EN fractions. GA-EX and PE-EN reduced the tumor formation by 30.7% and 29.4%, respectively. GA-EX and PE-EN increased the natural killer (NK) cell activity of splenocytes by 41.3% and 28.9%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.153-157
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• 1990

Total cholesterol level in mice with hypercholesterolemia was determined after intraperitoneal administration of the methanolic extract of some medicinal plants. From the data obtained, it was suggested that the methanolic extract of Elaeagnus crispa, Ixeris dentata, Prunus davidiana, Eriobotrya japonice, Aralia elata and Phragmites communis produced a significant hypocholesterotemic effect. In the case of the extract of Saussurea diamantiaca, on the other band, the total cholesterol level was markedly increased. The methanolic extract of Ixeris dentata, Prunus davidiana and Phragmites communes also decreased the level of blood glucose in alloxan-diabetic male albino mice while that of Eriobotrya japonica, Allium tuberosum, Houttuynia cordata and Eucommia japonica did not produce this effect.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.271-276
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• 2004

$\beta$-Immunan was proteoglycan obtained from mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum IY009. In this study, the protective effects of $\beta$-Immunan, against the CDDP induced in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo renal toxicity, was measured. Concentration dependent cytotoxicities of CDDP in normal kidney cells (Vero, TCMK-l) were reduced by $\beta$-Immunan treatment. Increased renal toxicity factors, such as elevation of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine, reduction of kidney weight and malonidialdehyde (MDA), by intraperitoneal administration of CDDP in rats was improved. These results indicated that $\beta$-Immunan have a protective effects against the CDDP induced renal toxicity, however, it needed to confirm the detailed mechanism for therapeutic effects.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1657-1660
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• 2016

Prion diseases are incurable neurodegenerative disorders. Our previous study demonstrated that polylysine was effective in prolonging the incubation period in a rodent model and in alleviating the scrapie prion protein (PrP^Sc) burden in the brain at the terminal stage of the disease. Here, we report that intraperitoneal administration of polylysine suppresses the accumulation of prions in the spleen during the early stages of the disease. This study supports the congruence of PrP^Sc inhibition by polylysine in both the spleen and brain.