• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

Adverse reactions to foods are common and increasing problems worldwide. It is important to differentiate between the different forms of adverse reactions to foods, in particular the difference between food intolerance and food allergy. Food allergy is an adverse immunologic response to food and typically rapid in onset, whereas food intolerance is consequence of a variety of non-immune mechanisms and slow in onset. It has been difficult to diagnose food intolerance because of lack of diagnosis measure. There are now effective findings to identify food intolerance, and paradigms with food allergy are shifting. Food intolerance affects virtually every part of the body-from mildly uncomfortable symptoms to severe illness. While there is no known simple 'cure' for food allergy and food intolerance, there are a number of measures that will help avoid and lessen symptoms and correct the underlying causes. We focus the diagnosis and treatment of food intolerance through various views.

• Stress
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.350-355
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• 2018

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating effect of negative problem orientation in the association between intolerance uncertainty and worry. Methods: Participants who were 531 undergraduate students in Chungbuk were administered Intolerance Uncertainty Scale (IUS), Negative Problem Orientation (NPO; SPSI-R), Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ). Results: The results are as follows. Intolerance of uncertainty had statistically significant positive correlation with worry. Negative problem orientation had a partial mediating effect in the association between intolerance uncertainty and worry. Conclusions: This result suggested the importance of intolerance of uncertainty and negative problem orientation in psychological approach to university students who have difficulty in worry.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.893-898
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• 2011

Milk contains a number of nutrients required for human growth and development, such as disaccharide lactose which is significantly contained in milk and dairy products. About two thirds of world populations are reportedly suffering from lactose intolerance after drinking milk. Lactose intolerance is defined as a maldigestion of lactose in the human intestine with typical symptoms of abdominal pains, bloating, and diarrhea. In this study, incidence of lactose intolerance has been investigated for the elementary school children for 1 year from July, 2010 to June, 2011. It is found that about 70% of the total elementary students have joined the school milk program. Out of 636 total students that participated in this study, 449 were from the metropolis, 85 from middle-sized city, and 102 from the small town including rural areas (small town/rural areas). For distributions of lactose intolerance, 154 students (24.2%) were found to be positive among the total 636 subjects. Based on the size of the city, the symptoms were the most prevalent for the students in the small town/rural areas at 31.4% (32/102), followed by 30.6% (26/85) in middle-sized city, and 21.4% (96/449) in the metropolis. On the other hand, gender had no significant effect on the incidence of lactose intolerance, shown those for boys and girls were 24.8% (77/310), 23.6% (77/326), respectively. Further research is needed to confirm the correct incidence of lactose intolerance symptoms as the frequency is significantly affected by subject's digestive functions including irritable bowel syndrome.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.307-329
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• 2022

This study aimed to explore factors which can predict interpersonal tolerance and intolerance. Specifically, the study examined whether tolerance and intolerance would be explained by demographic variables, social desirability, empathy (cognitive empathy and affective empathy), fear of compassion for others, social trust, and zero-sum belief. Participants in the study were 445 adults (218 males and 227 females) who completed an online survey. Data were analyzed by using hierarchical regression analyses to control the effects of demographic variables and social desirability. The results indicated that tolerance was explained by gender, subjective socioeconomic status, social desirability, cognitive empathy, and social trust. In addition, intolerance was predicted by social desirability, fears of compassion for others, and zero-sum belief. It means that the constructs of tolerance and intolerance are distinct, and different factors predict tolerance and intolerance, respectively. Therefore, it would be necessary to develop realistic ways to promote tolerance and to prevent intolerance at the same time in order to achieve co-existence in a multicultural and diverse society.

• The Korean Journal of Coaching Psychology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2020

The study was intended to explore the relevance of the variables below, assuming that the intolerance of uncertainty and dichotomous thinking would represent sequential serialized effects in the relationship between perfectionistic self-presentation and social anxiety. The data of this study were collected on questionnaire survey of 252 adult men and women in Seoul using perfectionistic self-presentation scale, social interaction anxiety scale, social phobia scale, intolerance of uncertainty scale and dichotomous thinkingI-30R as index, which results are as follow. First, intolerance of uncertainty and dichotomous thinking showed perfect mediation effects on the relationship between perfectionistic self-presentation and social anxiety. Intolerance of uncertainty and dichotomous thinking were identified as contributing factors to the development and preservation of social anxiety by perfectionistic self-presenters. Second, in the relationship between perfectionistic self-presentation and dichotomous thinking, intolerance of uncertainty showed mediation effect. And in the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and social anxiety, dichotomous thinking showed mediation effect. This suggested that if tolerance of uncertainty was deficient, it was likely to lead to dichotomous thinking. And a dichotomous thinking has prompted or accelerated negative cognitive biases resulting from intolerance of uncertainty, triggering and deepening social anxiety. Lastly, the limitations of this study and future research direction were suggested.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.3-9
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• 2013

Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is defined as the tendency to react negatively on an emotional, cognitive, and behavioral level to uncertain situations and events. However, this definition is somewhat categorical and does not explain the phenomenology of IU. Intolerance of uncertainty scale (IUS), the standard measure of IU, was considered to have two factors : 'unacceptability and avoidance of uncertainty' and 'uncertainty leading to the inability to act'. IU may be a cognitive vulnerability factor for clinical worry and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). A number of moderators and mediators including cognitive avoidance, experiential avoidance and rumination influence the relationship between IU, worry, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, anxious and depressive symptoms. IU may be more strongly related to the symptoms of GAD than to symptoms of other anxiety disorders including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and major depressive disorder. IU may serve as an important transdiagnostic feature across anxiety and depressive disorders. Incorporating IU-specific treatment components into therapeutic protocols may result in pervasive benefits, and not only for those with GAD or OCD, but for people with any anxiety disorder or with depression.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.143-151
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was to investigate the relations and odds ratio between hs-CRP and the risk factors of metabolic syndrome according to glucose intolerance and diabetes among the residents of a rural community. Methods: The subjects include 1,968 adults aged from 40 to 70 who were divided into four groups and a diabetes group according to glucose intolerance to compare the relations and risk ratio between hs-CRP and the risk factors of metabolic syndrome. Results: The results reveal that the greater the subjects' glucose intolerance was, the higher their hs-CRP became and the more risk factors of metabolic syndrome they had. The impaired glucose tolerance group showed 1.7 times higher blood pressure than the control group. The diabetes group showed a high odds ratio with 2.3 times higher blood pressure, 2.2 times higher abdominal obesity, and 2.4 times higherW/Ht than the control group. And the odds ratio increased significantly by 1.7 times in the hs-CRP intermediate risk group and 2.5 times in the high risk group compared with the control group. Conclusion: Considering the study results, it is very important to monitor abdominal obesity, blood pressure and the intermediate and high risk group of hs-CRP in order to reduce the contraction of cardiovascular diseases.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

Orthostatic intolerance is defined as the development of various symptoms during standing that are relieved by recumbency. Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is another nomenclature of orthostatic intolerance. POTS characterized by a heart rate increase ${\geq}30$ bpm from supine to standing or >120 bpm at standing without orthostatic hypotension. POTS is a heterogenous in presentation with various pathophysiologic mechanisms. Important mechanisms are hypovolemia, denervation, hyperadrenergic and deconditioning state. There are presented as lightheadness or dizziness, palpitations, presyncope, sense of weakness, tremulousness, shortness of breath. POTS are classified under 3 groups that are neuropathic, hyperadrenergic, and deconditioning POTS. Most patients can be improved from a pathophysiologically based regimen of management.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.274-280
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• 2019

Objectives : This preliminary study investigated the effect of acupuncture treatment on short-term ketogenic diet-induced weight loss and glucose intolerance in mice. Methods : Six-week old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to 3 groups: normal, KD, and KD+ACU. All the mice except normal group were fed with ketogenic diet formula for 7 weeks and mice in KD+ACU group received acupuncture treatment three times a week. Body weights were measured three times a week, and glucose level was measured on week 1,3,5, and 7. Ketone level was measured on week 3,5, and 7. Results : Ketogenic diet showed short-term weight loss effect, however, acupuncture treatment did not affect on the weight loss. Ketone level was increased in KD fed mice compared to normal diet fed mice and the level was decreased in KD+ACU group on week 3. However, the change was not significantly different compared to KD group on week 7. Glucose intolerance was improved in KD+ACU group compared to KD group. Conclusions : Acupuncture treatment was effective in relieving glucose intolerance, and the results suggest that combining acupuncture treatment with ketogenic diet may complement each therapeutic intervention by improving glucose intolerance but not effecting on weight loss. This study provides meaningful evidence as a preliminary study of acupuncture treatment on ketogenic diet.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.183-191
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• 2018

This study is to examine the effects of Socially Prescribed Perfectionism on depression by Intolerance of Uncertainty and Unconditional Self Acceptance, and to well being to improve the positive life of college students. This study is conducted on 238 college students who are influenced by Socially Prescribed Perfectionism, Intolerance of Uncertainty, Unconditional Self Acceptance, and Depression. This study analyzed a questionnaire consisted of a sub-component of the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), a Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale(IUS), an Unconditional Self Acceptance Questionnaire-R(USAQ-R), and a depression scale (CES-D) and verified correlation analysis and structural equation model. The results of this study showed that socially prescribed perfectionism had significant negative correlations with intolerance of uncertainty, and had significant positive correlation with unconditional self acceptance. The results of the structural equation model showed full mediating effect of the intolerance of uncertainty and unconditional self acceptance between Socially prescribed perfectionism and depression, Finally, implications and suggestions are suggested in this study.