• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.858-868
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• 2022

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary yeast hydrolysate (YH) supplementation on intestinal morphology, barrier, and anti-inflammatory functions of broilers. Methods: A total of 320 one day old male broilers were randomly allocated into four groups with eight replicates of ten broilers each. The broilers were supplemented with a basal diet (the control group) or basal diets adding 50, 100, 150 mg/kg YH, respectively. This trial lasted for 42 days. The orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to determine the linear and quadratic effects of increasing levels of YH. Results: In our previous research, supplementing YH improved growth performance by enhancing body weight gain but decreased feed-to-gain ratio. In this study, compared with the control group, dietary YH addition linearly and quadratically decreased serum diamine oxidase activity (p<0.05). Additionally, supplementing YH linearly and/or quadratically decreased jejunal crypt depth (CD), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concentration as well as mucin 2, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, TNF-α, nuclear factor kappa B, and myeloid differentiation factor 88 gene expression levels (p<0.05). Whereas the jejunal villus height (VH), VH/CD, IL-10 concentration as well as zonula occludens-1 and IL-10 gene expression levels were linearly and/or quadratically increased by YH supplementation (p<0.05). Conclusion: Dietary YH supplementation improved intestinal morphology, barrier and anti-inflammatory functions while decreased intestinal permeability of broilers, which might be related with altering pertinent genes expression. This study provides evidence of YH as a promising feed additive for broilers.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.219-230
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• 1993

This research aims to study the changes In gastrointestinal function attributed to aging In human. The thresholds for recognition and detection of flavors became elevated and salivary gland acinar cells decreased in the old age. But most esophageal function remained relatively Intact. Although gastric emptying time has been slowed with aging, the total intestinal transit time did not differ. Atropic gastritis due to H. pylori in old man decreased secretion of acid and Intrinsic factor and absorbability of calcium and iron. Pancreatic secretion is droned in older persons. Prevalence of gallstones rised with age. Liver size and portal blood flow decreased significantly with age. Mucosal surface area has been reported to be slightly diminished in the aging man. Glucose transporters decreased and Insulin tolerance Increased. Absorption of aromatic amino acid is diminished with age. Dietary protein In that aging human increased fecal nitrogen excretion. Vitamin A tolerance increased. Vitamin D receptor concentration decreased and resistance to 1,25-(OH)2D3 action increased. Permeability of aging small Intestine Increased. Zinc balance dirt not differ Copper absorption appeared not to be significantly affected by age. Neurotensin secretion decreased thus slowed colonic peristaltic movements and Intestinal mucosal growth.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2024

Poultry coccidiosis is an intestinal infection caused by an intracellular parasitic protozoan of the genus Eimeria. Coccidia-induced gastrointestinal inflammation results in large economic losses, hence finding methods to decrease its prevalence is critical for industry participants and academic researchers. It has been demonstrated that coccidiosis can be effectively controlled and managed by employing anticoccidial chemical compounds. However, as a result of their extensive use, anticoccidial drug resistance in Eimeria species has raised concerns. Phytochemical/herbal medicines (Artemisia annua, Bidens pilosa, and garlic) seem to be a promising strategy for preventing coccidiosis, in accordance with the "anticoccidial chemical-free" standards. The impact of herbal supplements on poultry coccidiosis is based on the reduction of oocyst output by preventing the proliferation and growth of Eimeria species in chicken gastrointestinal tissues and lowering intestinal permeability via increased epithelial turnover. This review provides a thorough up-to-date assessment of the state of the art and technologies in the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in chickens, including the most used phytochemical medications, their mode of action, and the applicable legal framework in the European Union.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.580-586
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• 2014

Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) forming the barrier for the first-line of protection are interconnected by tight junction (TJ) proteins. TJ alteration results in impaired barrier function, which causes potentially excessive inflammation leading to intestinal disorders. It has been suggested that toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 ligands and some bacteria enhance epithelial barrier function in humans and mice. However, no such study has yet to be claimed in swine. The aim of the present study was to examine whether Bacillus subtilis could improve barrier integrity and protection against deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced barrier disruption in porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). We found that B. subtilis decreased permeability of TJ and improved the expression of zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and occludin during the process of forming TJ. In addition, ZO-1 expression of IPEC-J2 cells treated with B. subtilis was up-regulated against DON-induced damage. In conclusion, B. subtilis may have potential to enhance epithelial barrier function and to prevent the cells from DON-induced barrier dysfunction.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.419.2-420
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• 2002

Caco-2 is a cell line derived from the human colon adenocarcinoma and often used as a model for studying intestinal drug absorption. It has been well-known that a strong correlation holds between in vitro permeability across Caco-2 cell monolayers and in vivo bioavailability for various drugs. but the correlation curves varied depending on laboratories. The permeabilities of drugs across Caco-2 cell monolayers have been measured under different agitation conditions. (omitted)

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.234.3-235
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• 2003

The aim of this study is to evaluate the permeability of PEG-conjugated salmon calcitonin (sCT) across monolayers of Caco-2 cells that represent a model of the intestinal barrier. Caco-2 cells were grown to confluency on a permeable polycarbonate membrane to permit transport through it. Permeability experiments were performed with native-sCT and PEG-conjugated sCT (PEG M.W. 2000) at various concentrations (5uM, 10uM, 25uM, 50uM, 100uM) in the apical to basolateral direction. The barrier properties were assessed by detecting transport of markder molecules ($^3$H-mannitol) and by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). (omitted)

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.353-363
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the intestinal and nasal absorption enhancement of cefotaxime (CTX) by ion-pairing with counterions and to design an effective oral and intranasal drug delivery system for antibiotics. Counterions for absorption promotion were cationic surfactants [cetylpyridinium chloride (CP), cetrimide (CT) and benzalkonium chloride (BA)]. In the presence of counterions, the apparent partition coefficient of cefotaxime was increased depending on the molar concentration of the counterions. Anion interference was observed for ion-pairing of cefotaxime with counterions because of the counterbalance between an anion and counterions. The present study employed the in situ simultaneous nasal and intestinal perfusion technique in rats. The apparent permeabilities $(P_{app})$ of cefotaxime were $1.43{\pm}0.04{\times}10^{-5}\;cm/sec(mean{\pm}S.E)$ in the nasal cavity and 0 in the jejunum, respectively, which indicated that the intrinsic absorptivity of cefotaxime was greater in the nasal cavity than in the jejunum. When ionupairing formers were used, the decreasing order of apparent cefotaxime permeability $(P_{app},\;10^{-5}\;cm/sec)$, corrected for surface area of absorption, was as followings: $BA\;(7.50{\pm}0.36)\;>\;CT\;(4.92{\pm}0.24)\;>\;CP\;(3.01{\pm}0.17)$ in the jejunum and $BA\;(22.31{\pm}1.36)\;>\;CP\;(18.24{\pm}0.81)\;>\;CT \;(16.22{\pm}1.87)$ in the nasal cavity. The increase in permeability of cefotaxime was about 13-fold in the rat nasal cavity and was marked in the rat jejunum for ion-pairing with counterions as compared to those without ion-pairing. The damages of jejunal and nasal mucosal membrane by counterions were observed within approximately 2hrs after removal of ion-pair of cefotaxime with counterions from the nasal cavity and jejunum. These results suggest that CP can be used as an ion-pairing former in the jejunum and CP and CT can be used as ion-pairing formers in the nasal cavity for cefotaxime, as well as for poorly absorbed drugs with a negative charge due to ionization.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.616-630
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) is a tryptophan-derived microbial metabolite that has been associated with protective effects against inflammatory and metabolic diseases. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the effects of IPA under physiological conditions and at the intestinal level. MATERIALS/METHODS: Human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells were treated for 2, 24, and/or 72 h with IPA or its precursors - indole, tryptophan, and propionate - at 1, 10, 100, 250, or 500 μM to assess cell viability, integrity, differentiation, and proliferation. RESULTS: IPA induced cell proliferation and this effect was associated with a higher expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) and a lower expression of c-Jun. Although indole and propionate also induced cell proliferation, this involved ERK2 and c-Jun independent mechanisms. On the other hand, both tryptophan and propionate increased cell integrity and reduced the expression of claudin-1, whereas propionate decreased cell differentiation. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, these findings suggested that IPA and its precursors distinctly contribute to the proliferation, differentiation, and barrier function properties of human intestinal epithelial cells. Moreover, the pro-proliferative effect of IPA in intestinal epithelial cells was not explained by its precursors and is rather related to its whole chemical structure. Maintaining IPA at physiological levels, e.g., through IPA-producing commensal bacteria, may be important to preserve the integrity of the intestinal barrier and play an integral role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.86-92
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• 2002

The enhancement of paracellular transport of heparin disaccharide using several absorption enhancers across Caco-2 cell monolayers was tested . The cytotoxicity of these enhancers was also examined. The enhancing effects by Quillaja saponin, diponin glycyrrhizinate, $18{\beta}-glycyrrhetinic$ acid, sodium caprate and taurine were determined by changes in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the amount of heparin disaccharide transported across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Among the absorption enhancers, $18{\beta}-glycyrrhetinic$ acid arid taurine decreased TEER and increased the permeability of heparin disaccharide in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner with little or negligible cytotoxicity. Our results indicate that these absorption enhancers can widen the tight junction, which is a dominant paracellular absorption route of hydrophilic compounds . It is highly possible that these absorption enhancers can be applied as pharmaceutical excipients to improve the transport of macromolecules and hydrophilic drugs having difficulty in permeability across the intestinal epithelium.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.71-80
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to compare the intrinsic absorptivity of piperacillin in the jejunum and the nasal cavity, to investigate the effect of bile salts, fatty acids and their mixed micelles on the intestinal and nasal absorption of piperacilIin, to examine the reversibiIity of bile salt-fatty acid mixed micelles absorption promoting action and to design an effective intranasal drug delivery system for antibiotics. And absorption promoters used were bile salts [sodium cholate (NaC), sodium glycocholate (NaGC)], unsaturated fatty acids [oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA)] and their mixed micelles (NaC-LA). The present study employed the in situ nasal and intestinal perfusion technique in rats. The apparent permeabilities $(P_{app})$ of piperacillin were $0.40{\pm}0.04{\times}10^{-5}cm/sec(mean{\pm}S.E)$ in the jejunum and $1.32{\pm}0.08{\times}10^{-5}\;cm/sec$ in the nasal cavity, which indicated that intrinsic absorptivity of piperacillin was greater in the nasal cavity than in the jejunum. When absorption promoters were used in the rat nasal cavity, the decreasing order of apparent piperacillin permeability $(P_{app},\;10^{-5}\;cm/sec)$, corrected for surface area of absorption, was NaC-LA $(4.62{\pm}0.16)$> NaC $(4.36{\pm}0.32)$>LA$(2.24{\pm}0.26)$ NaGC $(2.17{\pm}0.21)$>OA $(1.53{\pm}0.16)$. The increase in permeability of piperacillin was 3.5-fold in the rat nasal cavity and 1.5-fold in the rat jejunum for formulations containing NaC-LA mixed micelles as compared to those without absorption enhancer. The effect of NaC-LA mixed micellar solutions was synergistic and was greater than that with single adjuvant. The reversibility of nasal mucosal permeability was observed within approximately 2 hr after removal of NaCLA mixed micelles from the nasal cavity. These results suggest that NaC-LA mixed micelles can be used as nasal mucosal absorption promoters of poorly absorbed drugs.