• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.1006-1017
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to provide basic information for developing a nursing intervention that helps patients learn how to acquire coping to reduce post operation uncertainty and anxiety by investigating the level of uncertainty and anxiety experienced by mastectomy patients. The subjects were 134 patients selected from St. Mary's Kangnam and St. Mary's hospital, and the data collection period was from October to December of 1998. Uncertainty was measured by using Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale (MUIS), anxiety measured by using State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI), and coping by using a questionnaire developed by Kim & Yoo (1996). Data were analyzed with SAS program by t-test, ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression. The results were as follows : 1. The mean uncertainty score was 57.6. The results of the correlation between the compliance of medical regimen and demographic characteristics were as follows ; Those who monthly income over 2,010,000 won had lower than above 1,000,000 won, and those with the experience of chemotherapy had higher than those without, and the patient who has 7∼12 months(1 yr.) post operation period had higher than the one below 6months, 25∼36 months(3 yrs.), 37∼60 months(5 yrs.), and over 61 months. 2. The mean anxiety score was 45.9. Anxiety tended to be increased slightly in subjects with low educational background, poor monthly income, experience of chemotherapy, and 7∼12 months(1 yr.) post operation period, but there was no significant difference by general characteristics 3. The mean value of the coping score was 100.7. The study revealed higher score in problem-focused coping than emotion-focused coping. In regard to coping by demographic characteristics were as follows ; those who had monthly income over 2,010,000 won had higher level of coping than those whose monthly income was between 1,010,000 and 2,000,000 won. In terms of problem- focused coping, those who had 25∼36 months of post operation period showed significantly lower level of coping than those below 6 months or 37∼60 months(5 yrs.) or over 61 months of post operation period. Regarding the emotion-focused coping, those with the christianity had significantly lower level of coping than those without it. Also, those whose monthly income over 2,010,000 won had significantly higher coping level than those with income of between 1,010,000 and 2,000,000 won. 4. A positive relationship was found between uncertainty and anxiety. Patients who experienced more uncertainty also showed more anxiety. Problem-focused coping was inversely related to uncertainty and anxiety. 5. The major variable that affected uncertainty was anxiety, explaining 63.3% of the uncertainty. In addition to this, it would explain 66.4% in total when experience of chemotherapy was added.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.893-904
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• 2000

The sample of this study consisted of 140 informal caregivers who provided care to the older adults(over 60 years of age) in Great Cleveland, USA. Self-rated questionnaires were utilized to collect information. The purpose of the study was to identify coping strategies most frequently utilized by informal caregivers of older adults and to examine predictors of the caregivers' health responses to the caregiving situation applying Lazarus and Folkman stress model(1984). Stepwise multiple regression was used to identify significant predictors among caregivers' demographic-socio-economic factors, older adult's dependency of activities of daily living(ADLs), caregiver's appraisal to the caregiving situation, and coping strategies. Informal caregivers (N=140) included in the study utilized help-seeking and problem-solving coping strategies more than self-blame and minimization of threat coping strategies. Caregivers' responses to the caregiving situation were observed by caregivers' perceived physical health, depression and life satisfaction. For perceived physical health, threat appraisal, older adult's dependency on ADLs, existential growth coping strategy, and monthly income accounted for 25% of the variance. Caregivers who appraised the caregiving situation as more threatening, reported higher dependency on ADLs, used more existential growth coping strategy, and had higher monthly income reported better physical health. For depression, threat appraisal, stress appraisal, existential growth coping strategy, self-blame coping strategy, and monthly income accounted for 48% of the variance. Caregivers who used more existential growth coping and less self-blame coping, appraised the situation as less threatening, less stressful, and had higher monthly income reported less depression. For life satisfaction, self-blame coping, existential growth coping, monthly income, stress appraisal accounted for 49% of the variance. Caregivers who used more existential growth coping, less self-blame coping, less stress appraisal, lower monthly income reported better life satisfaction. In conclusion, informal caregivers in this study utilized positive coping strategies such as problem-focused, existential growth, help-seeking, rather than negative coping strategies including self-blame. When they utilized positive coping strategies more often, caregivers experienced higher perceived physical health, higher life satisfaction and lower depression. Therefore, nursing intervention which utilized positive coping strategies is needed to enhance informal caregivers to have positive health responses to the caregiving demands.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.85-95
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• 1972

For the purpose to clarify the effects of nursing, intervention with comfort measures which promote rest, exercise and sleep on the patient′s rehabilitation, this study was carried out on 119 postoperative patients at St. Mary′s Hospital, the National Medical Center and Seoul Red Cross Hospital during the 9 months period from March 1971 to November 1971. In this study one experimental nursing approach was utilized; an emphasis on interpersonal techniques along with physical care-comfort measures. A daily evening care including support and instruction was given to facilitate interaction of nursing to the experimental group by the investigator. For the control group, routine hospital nursing care was performed. The nursing observation was followed for 4 days postoperatively and recorded in check list. The results of the findings were as follows. 1. 3.5% of control group and 32.3% of experimental group got out of bed within 24 hours postoperatively. 38.6% of control group got out of bed within 72 hours postoperatively where only 16.1% of the experimental group did (x$^2$= 19.865, p<0.005). Interaction in nursing is, in turn, significantly more effective than the usual routine care in improving rate of healing. 2. The irritations and tension that may interfere patient′s sleep and rest at night can be reduced to a minimum if nursing environment is better controlled with planned nursing care for individual patient. Various treatments which tend to give patient discomfort may preferably be performed before 6 p.m. if not absolutely indicated. 3. During 4 days of observation the patients without administration of sedatives and analgesics postoperatively were 25.9% in the experimental group where as 10.5% in the control group. The frequency of administration of sedatives and analgesics in average was 1.4 in the experimental group, and 2.0 in the control group. This indicates that not all postoperative discomforts expressed by the patients should be regarded as incision pain, and those discomforts could be relieved to a certain extent by nursing interventions effectively. 4. There were significant differences between the responses to nursing care given in the experimental group and 33% of the control group in average through 4 days of observation responded "good". 3.6% of the experimental group and 17. 1% of the control group responded "poor" in this study. It was recommended that the study be replicated in a more defined and controlled manner. Some alternative areas for investigation were suggested.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.160-172
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• 1989

This research was done to clarify the factors related to sexual satifaction in women who have had a hysterectomy, and to idenify which factors had statistically significant influence of sexual satisfaction of the subjacts. The objective of this study was to identify the variables related to sexual adaptation which might be changed by nursing intervention. This was a cross-sectional descriptive correlation study. There were 230 subjects in the study, and they were selected by a convenient sampling method. The tool. for this study was developed by the researcher through modification of the Dergatis Sexual Function Inventory(DSFI). A pilot study was done to determine the necessary modifications. Data collection was done between Sept. 1987 and Du. 1987 using a mailed questionnaire. The characteristics of the subjects were as follows : The mean age of the subjects was 42.3 years and 204(87.4%) of the subjects had nine or more years of education. The mean income of the subjects was 85.8870 won / month, and 179(77%) of them were housewives. The mean number of pregnancies and children were 4.9 and 2.5 respectively. Oophorectomies were included in the surgery for 66(28.7%) of the subjects. Only 12(5.2%) were planning to have more children. Only 88(38.3%) of the subjects had received information prior to the surgery regarding health problems related to the operation and less than half, 111 (48.3%), had received this kind of information before discharge. Lay persons were the source of information about the post-operation status for 196 (85.2%) of the subjects, but the content of the information did not significantly influence the sexual satisfaction score. Only 16(7.0%) of the subjects said they regretted having a hysterctomy while 102(44.3%) said they were pleased to have had a hysterectomy. Ninety (39.1 %) of the subjects reported that their husbands had “stress” and 164(71.3%) of the subjects reported “stress”. The results of this study are summarized as follows : 1. The mean score for sexual satisfaction of the subjects was 34.24 with a possible maximum score of 50.00. Eighty two(35.8%) were responded that they were satisfied with their sexual life but 61 (26.5%) were responded that they were dissatisfied with their sexual life 2. The following 15 factors extracted from the results of the data analysis were significantly related to sexual satisfaction(p＜.05) ; support of husband, body image, emotion, knowledge of sex, menopausal symptoms, sexual behavior, the feelings the subjects had about the hysterectomy, stress for both subject and husband, the number of children, health information given before operation, job, age, level of education and income. The five most important factors influencing sexual satisfaction were identified by using stepwise multiple regression analysis. The most important factor was support of husband, which explained 17.83% of the total variance. The remaining factors in order of significance were : Knowledge of sex, income, job, and emotional status. Those five factors explained 35.16% of the sexual satisfaction. In conclusion, for the care of women who are going to be discharged from hospital after having had a hysterctomy, nurses have to work with the husbands to help them to understand the importance of their support. Nurses also need to make sure that the subjects have an adequeate knowledge of sexual life after a hysterectomy. Also nursing interventions should focus on subjects who do not have a job, who are of low economic status, and the subjects who are under the unpleasant mood.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.12
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• pp.787-796
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• 2009

The electronic commerce keeps going through a tremendous growth since the latter half of 1990's. But the consumer damages are being increased from characteristics such as non-confrontation, anonymity, internationality, unilaterality and possibility of temptation. Accordingly, this thesis has derived legal and systematic improvements for consumer protection in general as follows. First of all, it is necessary to extend the period to exercise the subscription withdrawal rights according to electronic commerce consumer protection law. Second, the electronic commerce has high possibility of causing errors by consumers because it is performed by non-confrontation and the accurate information must be provided to prevent errors in advance because it is not easy for consumers to prove their own errors. Third, a certification mark system on electronic agreement has to be adopted. Fourth, the legal, systematic and technological measures have to be adopted to prevent from having a sense of fear toward leaking or using personal information through a safe personal information management. Fifth, a strict supervision on internet trust mark is required. Finally, because the intervention or interference by a third party may take place through a hacking on messages or documents sent according to procedure in terms of online settlement, it is necessary to raise security on the system through a precise authentication between concerned parties.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.125-141
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• 2008

Objective : The aim of this study is to investigate the curative effect of Bee Venom Acupuncture Therapy for pain and limited R.O.M (range of motion) of shoulder in stroke patients. Methods : The subjects of this study were 6 patients with shoulder pain in stroke sequelae. Routine Oriental Medical programs (Acupunture, moxibustion, herbal medicine and physical therapy) were maintained for each subject throughout this study. Single subject ABABAB design was adopted. Each period was 4 days as a rule. Only during the treatment period, Bee Venom Acupuncture Therapy was provided as intervention at the acupoints of LI15(Gyeonu),　TE14(Gyeollyo), GB21(Gyeonjeong), LI14(Bino). The change of pain was measured with a Visual Analogue Scale(VAS). The pain threshold was measured using pressure algometer at the same acupoints where Bee Venom Acupuncture Therapy was provided. And the R.O.M of shoulder joint (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, external rotation, internal rotation) was measured as well. Analysis was performed by Bayesian analysis using WinBUGS for the comparison of treatment(Bee Venom Acupuncture Therapy) and non-treatment. Results : The median overall improvement for difference in VAS was -2.219(-3.213, -1.175), for difference in external rotation of shoulder R.O.M was 9.992(-2.298, 18.49), for difference in tenderness score of LI14(Bino) by pressure algometer was 5.05(0.6283, 7.762). 95% credibility intervals being shown in brackets. However, the median overall improvement for difference in the other measurements was not significant. Conclusion : This study suggests that Bee Venom Therapy may be applicable to decrease pain and improve R.O.M of shoulder in hemiplegia patients with stroke. Further elaborated single subject designs need to be accumulated to confirm the effects of Bee Venom Acupunture Therapy on shoulder pain in patients with stroke sequelae.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.968-973
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• 2008

The study was to provide basic data and to examine the effect of combined exercise for 12 months on functional fitness and bone mineral density (BMD) in breast cancer survivors. The subjects of this study were 40 to 60-year-old married women (N=24) who finished their treatments chemotherapy and radiation therapy. They were divided into two groups that exercise group and exercise with alendronate group. Eighteen (T-score=$-2.2{\pm}0.8$) of the 24 women who were diagnosed osteopenia (N=15) and osteoporosis (N=3), participated in combined exercise (EG). The other six (T-score=$-4.6{\pm}0.9$) women who were diagnosed as osteoporosis (EDG), participated in the combined exercise program with osteoporosis drug (Alendronate 70 mg/w). The result of the analysis was as follows: Twelve months after, the participants (N=24) had a significant increase of the items such as sit and reach ups, grip strength (R and L) and sit ups test of functional fitness in the periods. In body composition, FM (fat mass) had significant decrease in periods. In the comparison of BMD, EG (N=18) had no change, while EDG (N=6) had significant improvement in L1, T12 and T-score after 12months. Consequently, complex exercise program (Hatha yoga, elastic band, gym ball) had positive effect on functional fitness and bone mineral density. We suggest that complex exercise program can be applied as recovery program after breast cancer surgery. Further research needs various and repetitive studies from more different targets or methods in the exercise program for its improvement.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.390-398
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• 2003

Objectives : To evaluate the degree of adolescent internet addiction, and investigate its relationship to the general characteristics, internet environments, and contents, especially the stress measured by the psychosocial wellbeing index-short form(PWI-SF). Methods : The data was obtained from self-administered questionnaires from 886 11th grade urban area students. The questionnaires consisted of general characteristics, internet user's environments, frequencies by internet contents, internet addiction test and PWI-SF. Results : The possible rate of internet use at home was 95.1%, and the area of most internet use was the home. The frequencies of internet game and porno site use were higher in males, with web searching and community uses higher in females. The total mean of internet addiction score was 56.8, and was higher for male than for female students. From multiple regression, as analyzed by the internet addiction score as a dependent variable, on-line friends, internet use times, years of internet use, frequencies of internet game, & porno site use, and PWI-SF scores were significant in male. Internet use times, the frequencies of internet game, chatting, community use, and PWI-SF score were significant in female. Four PWI-SF subscales(social role & self reliability, depression, general health & vitality, and sleep disturbance & anxiety) and internet addiction were significantly correlated in both male and female students, with depression having the most correlation. Conclusion : The results of this study suggest that intervention should be provided to prevent internal addiction, especially for coping with stress in Korean teenage students.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.43 no.2 s.308
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• pp.12-18
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• 2006

This paper presents a method to extract a good high-resolution image from a low-resolution video in an automatic manner. Since a high-resolution image reconstruction method utilizing several low-resolution input images works better than a conventional interpolation method utilizing single low-resolution input image only if the input images are well registered onto a common high-resolution grid, low-resolution input images should be carefully chosen so that the registration errors can be carefully considered. In this paper, the statistics obtained from the motion-compensated low-resolution images are utilized to evaluate the feasibility of the input image candidates. Maximum motion-compensation error is estimated from the high-resolution image observation model. U the motion-compensation error of the input image candidate is greater than the estimated maximum motion-compensation error, the input image candidate is discarded. The number of good input image candidates and the statistics of the motion-compensation errors are used to choose final input images. The final input images chosen from the input image selection block are given to the following high-resolution image reconstruction block. It is expected that the proposed method is utilized to extract a good high-resolution image efficiently from a low-resolution video without any user intervention.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.19
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• pp.63-112
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• 1990

The environment of the modern library is changing rapidly with advancements in information technology, massive increse in information, and with the changing needs of users for information in order to keep up with developments in science and technology. The library should also be in a constant state of change in accordance with the changing environment. But the current situation is that library organizations in Korea do not show any change. Here arises the need to diagnose the health of these organization. Organizational innovations can be achieved either by change in the organizational structure or administrative methods or in personal attitudes. In making organizational innovations, however, it is not sufficient only to change the organizational structure or the administrative methods without changing personal attitudes. The purpose of this thesis is to diagnose the health of university library organizations in Korea and to suggest prescriptions based on the results of this diagnosis, by means of organization development theory. In this study, the action research model and the diagnostic model were developed for the health of university library organization in Korea. The action research model consisted of 3 steps: diagnosis, intervention and evaluation. The diagnostic model comprised diagnostic criterion and diagnostic indicators. The health of an organization was selected as the diagnostic criterion. Diagnostic indicators were divided into 3 levels: personal job-satisfaction at the individual level, cohesiveness at the group level, and the organizational climate at the organizational level. Both the interview and the questionaire were used as diagnostic methods. The questionaire form was designed according to the Likert typle 5-point scale. For the investigation, 10 university libraries were selected from the private universities in Seoul, and questionaire sheets were sent to their 156 librarians and responses were received from 116 persons. An interview was carried out with a selected chief of departments of the library concerned. The results of the diagnosis show that the average personal job­satisfaction was 3.57, the group cohesiveness was 3.15 and organizational climate was 2.93, and accordingly the comprehensive health indicator was 3.22. The health of university library organizations in Korea was generally on the decline at all 3 levels. In particular, the organizational climate was in a very weak state. Most problems concern dissatisfaction with personnel policy, communications and non-professionally qualified directors. As the prescriptions, the following was suggested: institutionalization of the staff meeting for resolving problems with communication, appointement of professional directors, performance appraisal, conferring faculty status for librarians, and a suggest system. And for the improvement of the organizational climate, managerial grid training was suggested as one of the educational strategies for organizational development.