• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.391-396
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• 2003

This paper proposes a new approach that converts continuous-valued attributes to categorical-valued ones considering the distribution of target attributes(classes). In this approach, It can be possible to get optimal interval boundaries by considering the distribution of data itself without any requirements of parameters. For each attributes, the distribution of target attributes is projected to one-dimensional space. And this space is clustered according to the criteria like as the density value of each target attributes and the amount of overlapped areas among each density values of target attributes. Clusters which are made in this ways are based on the probabilities that can predict a target attribute of instances. Therefore it has an interval boundaries that minimize a loss of information of original data. An improved performance of proposed discretization method can be validated using C4.5 algorithm and UCI Machine Learning Data Repository data sets.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.904-910
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• 2009

The aim of this study is to help out-size consumers purchase the ready-made clothes and improve clothing fitness by classifying the lower bodies of abdomen-obese adult males and by setting up some size system according to each size interval of obesity types. The including criteria for subjects in this study was over 25 kg/$m^2$ of the BMI, over 90 cm of waist, and over 0.85 of WHR, and a total of 538 adult males satisfying them were enrolled. Results are as follows; 1st, the higher the age bracket was, the more increase in each age bracket's lower-degree obesity rate there was along with the more decrease in moderate-degree, while the higher the age bracket was, the more increasing tendency toward each age bracket's abdominal obesity there was. 2nd, 3 clusters were categorized by cluster analysis, into abdominal obesity, high-degree-type, trapezoid-type and cylinder-type. And 3rd, as a consequence of size system establishment according to lower-body types, the basic body sizes and reference body sizes were different according to types even in commonly-appeared size names at sections of respective types. The research findings above suggests that it is necessary to figure out the obesity types according to waist and hip sizes representing basic sizes and to design the patterns in consideration of the characteristics of obese body shapes when lower-half body clothes are designed among obesity groups. And it may be used as a basic data to decide the desirable output of production according to respective body types.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.60 no.6
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• pp.73-81
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• 2018

In this study, subsurface discharge performance has been studied through theoretical seepage analysis on four types of culverts that can be installed under the condition of non-excavation, such as (a)perforated pipe(${\Phi}50mm$), (b)perforated pipe+horizontal mat (B50cm) (c)perforated pipe+horizontal mat+vertical gravel(B<10cm), (d)perforated pipe+vertical gravel(B<10cm), and existing typical type (e)perforated pipe with gravel (B40, h=40cm) which can be installed by excavation. The analysis results were as follows. i) Subsurface discharge performance per unit (m) was (a)type 56%, (b) 91%, (c) 96%, (d) 76%, respectively, lower than the value of (e)culvert. ii) However, considering that non-excavation culvert can be installed at a spacing of 5m with the installation cost of the existing excavation culvert at the interval of 10m, it was analyzed that unit subsurface discharge(q) of (a)20.2mm/day(110%), (b)32.8(178%), (c)34.6(188%) (d)27.5(149%) in the four types of non-excavation culvert installed at intervals of 5m under the condition of $ k=10^{-4}cm/s$ was much larger than the amount of (e)type 18.5(100%), existing excavation culvert installed at 10m interval. iii) Through the test construction, peak subsurface drainage discharge($q_p$) was 38.4mm/day, which is larger than the value of design criteria and confirmed that it satisfies the analysis results as well. iv) In particular, it was evaluated that (b)perforated pipe+horizontal mat(B50cm) are low cost, high efficiency subsurface drainage culvert type with sufficient drainage performance(178%).

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.2721-2728
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• 2012

Background: There are limited data evaluating the cost-effectiveness of gastric cancer screening using endoscopy or upper gastrointestinal x-ray in the general population. Objective: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of population-based screening for gastric cancer in South Korea by decision analysis. Methods: A time-dependent Markov model for gastric cancer was constructed for healthy adults 30 years of age and older, and a deterministic sensitivity analysis was performed. Cost-utility analysis with multiple strategies was conducted to compare the costs and effects of 13 different screening alternatives with respect to the following eligibility criteria: age at the beginning of screening, screening interval, and screening method. The main outcome measurement was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. Results: The results revealed that annual endoscopic screening from ages 50-80 was the most cost-effective for the male population. In the females, biennial endoscopy screening from ages 50-80 was calculated as the most cost-effective strategy among the 12 screening alternatives. The most cost-effective screening strategy may be adjustable according to the screening costs and the distribution of cancer stage at screening. The limitation was that effectiveness data were obtained from published sources. Conclusions: Using the threshold of $19,162 per quality-adjusted life year on the basis of the Korean gross domestic product (2008), as suggested by the World Health Organization, endoscopic gastric cancer screening starting at the age of 50 years was highly cost-effective in the Korean population. The national recommendation for gastric cancer screening should consider the starting age of screening, the screening interval, and the screening modality.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.123-126
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• 2004

Intestinal obstruction secondary to intraabdominal adhesion is a well-known postoperative complication occurring after appendectomy. The aim of this study was to measure the incidence and clinical manifestations of mechanical intestinal obstruction after appendectomy for perforated appendicitis. We reviewed all of the children (age <16 years) who had been treated for appendicitis at Asan Medical Center between January 1996 and December 2001. Inclusion criterion included either gross or microscopic evidence of appendiceal perforation. Exclusion criteria were interval appendectomy, and patients immune compromised by chemotherapy. Associations of intestinal obstruction with age, sex, operation time, and use of peritoneal drains were analyzed. Four hundred and sixty two open appendectomies for appendicitis were performed at our department. One hundred and seventeen children were treated for perforated appendicitis (78 boys, 39 girls). The mean age was 8.9 years (range 1.5 to 14.8 years). There were no deaths. Eight patients were readmitted due to intestinal obstruction, but there was no readmission due to intestinal obstruction in patients with non-perforated appendicitis. The interval between appendectomy and intestinal obstruction varied from 12 days to 2 year 7 months. Four patients needed laparotomies. In three of four, only adhesiolysis was performed. One child needed small bowel resection combined with adhesiolysis. There was no significant association between age or sex and the development of intestinal obstruction. This was no association with operative time or use of peritoneal drain. Patients who required appendectomy for perforated appendicitis have a higher incidence of postoperative intestinal obstruction than those with nonperforated appendicitis. For the patients with perforated appendicitis, careful operative procedures as well as pre and postoperative managements are required to reduce adhesions and subsequent bowel obstruction.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was performed to find the correlation between moire topography and muscle development ratio of both lower limbs. Methods : 88-general persons who examed general health checkup were enrolled this study. Who coincided the exclusion criteria were left out. The authors practiced Moire Topography by using IBS-2000 and measured difference of contour line and interval between vertical base line of neck and pelvis. We made use of X-SCAN to analyse body component and calculate muscle development ratio of both lower limbs. Results : In this study, we found out that the more interval between vertical base line of neck and pelvis grown large, the more muscle development ratio of both lower limbs got small. So, there was correlation between imbalance of the dorsum muscle and muscle development ratio of both lower limbs.(p>0.05). But others did not have. Conclusion : According to this results, we found out there was correlation between imbalance of lumbar and gluteal region and muscle development ratio of both lower limbs. Apply to clinic, we are able to improve the efficacy of diagnosis and medical treatment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.159-163
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• 2004

Data pertaining to first lactation records of 316 Murrah buffaloes, progeny of 47 sires, maintained at NDRI Farm for a period of 18 years were analysed to construct selection indices and to examine their robustness by changing the relative economic values of different economic traits. A total of 120 selection indices were constructed for three sets of relative economic values ( 40 for each set) considering different combinations of seven first lactation traits viz. age at first calving (AFC), first lactation 305 day or less milk yield (FLMY), first lactation length (FLL), first calving interval (FCI), milk yield per day of first lactation length (MY/FLL), milk yield per day of first calving interval (MY/FCI) and milk yield per day age at second calving (MY/ASC). The three sets of relative economic values were based on economic values of different traits, 1% standard deviation of different traits and regression of different traits on FLMY. The 'optimum' indices for the first two sets had five traits each namely AFC, FLMY, FLL, FCI and MY/ASC giving improvement in aggregate genotype of Rupees 269.11 and Rs. 174.88, respectively. The accuracy of selection from both indices was 70.79 and 69.39%, respectively. The 'best' selection index from the third set of data again had five traits (AFC, FLMY, FLL, FCI and MY/FLL) giving genetic gain of Rs. 124.16 and accuracy of selection of 71.81%. The critcal levels or break-even points for FLMY for varying levels of AFC and FCI estimated from the "optimum index" suggested the need of enhancement of present production level of the herd or reduction of AFC or FCI. It was concluded that economic values of various first lactation traits were the most appropriate to construct selection indices as compared to other criteria of assigning relative economic weights in Murrah buffaloes.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.15-28
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• 2019

Objectives : This study aimed to systematically and comprehensively review controlled clinical trials on the effectiveness and safety of Chuna Manual Therapy for stroke. Methods : By October 7, 2019, three core databases and three domestic databases were searched. Seven major academic journals on the related field were also hand-searched. Methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Meta-analysis was conducted and the quality of its evidence was assessed using the GRADE methodology. Results : Five articles met the eligibility criteria. The results of most of included studies were in favor of Chuna Manual Therapy. No study described any adverse events during or after the clinical trials. Meta-analysis of three eligible studies showed that the pre- and post-treatment scores on the Modified Barthel Index (mean difference 8.00, 95% confidence interval 0.26 to 15.74) and Berg Balance Scale (mean difference 3.57, 95% confidence interval 0.64 to 6.51) of the Chuna-treated group were significantly different, but only marginally higher than those of the non-treatment group. Thus, the level of evidence gathered from these studies was assessed to be low. Conclusions : Based on current available evidence, any confirmative conclusions cannot be made on the effectiveness and safety of Chuna Manual Therapy for stroke because of the small sample size, low methodological quality, presence of statistical heterogeneity, and missing safety information. More rigorously designed large-scale multi-center studies are needed to establish more specific and credible evidence to support or oppose the use of Chuna Manual Therapy for stroke.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.233-242
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• 2009

Bioequivalence (BE) studies provide important information in the overall set of data that ensure the availability of safe and effective medicines to patients and practitioners. Thus its determination of proper criterion for assessing BE is very important. BE is frequently expressed or measured by estimating area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum concentration ($C_{max}$) that are reflective of systemic exposure. In all countries except Canada, the acceptance criteria of BE is that the 90% confidence interval of difference in the average values of logarithmic AUC and $C_{max}$ between test and reference products is within the acceptable range of log(0.8) ${\sim}$ log(1.25). In Canada, unlike other countries, point estimation instead of applying 90% confidence interval is applied to assess $C_{max}$ which is, in essence, more variable than AUC. We also compared other parts of BE guidelines which include a fed study, average BE (ABE), scaled-ABE, population BE (PBE), individual BE (IBE), dropout & withdrawal, sampling frequency & time and number of subjects. This article reviews the most recent BE guidelines of Korea, USA, Europe, Canada and Japan, highlighting the differences focused on Korean BE guidelines compared to other countries. It will help us to revise BE guideline of Korea reflecting international trends. Finally, it is strongly recommended that the extended acceptance criterion for the highly variable drug among all the considering aspects for the revision of current BE guideline has to be adopted into Korea BE guideline in the nearest future.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.240-249
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate the relation of serum calcium level, body mass index(BMI) with bone status expressed as broadband ultrasound attenuation(BUA) measured by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and the occurrence of osteopenia among adult men and women. Two hundred eleven(63 male and 148 female) workers who worked in 4 different battery factories were recruited from March 2005 to October 2005. BUA was used as a surrogate of bone mineral density and measured at left calcaneous bone area. The BUA value transformed into T-score by WHO standard conversion criteria to determine osteopenia (-2.5