• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1694-1701
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• 1997

The residual safety assessment of steel structures, an important subject in practice, is given to much attention. Life prediction in the planning course of steel structures under fatigue loading is mainly based on fatigue design criteria resulting from S-N curves. But for any reason cracks have to be assumed due to fabrication failures or fatigue loading in service which can lead total fracture of structures. The life prediction can be carried out by means of fracture mechanics using Paris-Erdogan equation($da/dN=C {\cdot}{\Delta}K^m$). The paper presents results from charpy test to interpret transition behaviour of charpy energy($A_V$) in a wide temperature range and from constant-load-amplitude test to measure fatigue crack growth of various steels widely used in steel bridges since beginning of 20 centuries in Europe. In the normal service temperature range of steel bridges, the steel S355M shows higher maximum charpy energy($A_{Vmax}$) and lower transition temperature($T_{AVmax/2}$) than other steels considered. The C and m of Paris-Erdogan equation on the steels appear to be correlated, and to be affected by the R-ratios due to crack closure, especially at a low fatigue crack growth rate. Scanning electron microscopy analysis was carried out to interpret an influence of the crack closure effects on the correlation of C and m.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.39 no.1 s.176
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• pp.95-102
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• 2006

To properly interpret and define climatic warming trends of the last $100\~150$ years.; climatic changes over the past several centuries must be constrained. High resolution surface air temperatures (SATs) to reconstruct global temperature trends extend back only to the late of 19th century. Fortunately, on long time scale and over large areas, ground surface temperatures (GSTs) track SATs. GST changes penetrate into the subsurface and are recorded as transient temperature perturbation. Therefore, borehole temperatures can be used to recover climate change over the last millennium in an area; paleoclimate change inferred from borehole temperatures can be used to interpret global warming over the last century, little ice age, and medieval warm period.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.89-112
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• 2017

In this study we have analyzed processes of generalization in which students have geometrically solved cubic equation $x^3+ax=b$, regarding geometrical solution of cubic equation $x^3+4x=32$ as examples. The result of this research indicate that students could especially re-interpret the geometric solution of the given cubic equation via dynamically understanding the variables in dynamic geometry environment. Furthermore, participants could simultaneously re-interpret the given geometric solution and then present a different geometric solutions of $x^3+ax=b$, so that the level of generalization could be improved. In conclusion, the study could provide useful pedagogical implications in school mathematics that the dynamic geometry environment performs significant function as a means of students-centered exploration when understanding variables and enhancing the level of generalization in problem solving.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.369-385
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• 2009

In this paper, the authors intended to summarize briefly the features of lymphoma with regard to $^{18}F$-FDG PET for assessment of tumor response to therapy, to describe why assessment of treatment response should be performed, to review what method so far has been used in monitoring treatment response, to discuss what limitations of morphologic imaging criteria for assessing tumor response are, in compared with $^{18}F$-FDG PET, and to introduce recently proposed criteria for assessing tumor response in malignant lymphoma. And also the authors emphasize the need to understand the characteristics of diagnostic performance of $^{18}F$-FDG PET in several clinical settings in order to interpret $^{18}F$-FDG PET results appropriately, and to encourage the use of interval likelihood ratio to enhance clinical implications of test results which, in turns, allows referring physicians to understand the meaning of interpretation with easy. Until recently, treatment response has been assessed according to the morphologic criteria. Metabolic imaging with $^{18}F$-FDG PET was adopted to have important role for treatment assessment in IWC+PET criteria proposed recently by IHP. To accomplish this role, we should perform and interpret $^{18}F$-FDG PET according to IWC+PET criteria. It is important for referring physicians to understand the various limitations of $^{18}F$-FDG PET and pitfalls in PET interpretation, and to understand that clinical information are needed by nuclear medicine physicians to optimize the interpretation of $^{18}F$-FDG PET.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.317-334
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• 2016

Knowledge and data interpretation on statistical estimation was important to have statistical literacy that current curriculum was said not to satisfy. The author investigated mathematics teachers' MKT on statistical estimation concerning interpretation of confidence interval by using questionnaire and interview. SMK of teachers' confidence was limited to the area of textbooks to be difficult to interpret data of real life context. Most of teachers wrongly understood SMK of interpretation of confidence interval to have influence upon PCK making correction of students' wrong concept. SMK of samples and sampling distribution that were basic concept of reliability and confidence interval cognized representation of samples rather exactly not to understand importance and value of not only variability but also size of the sample exactly, and not to cognize appropriateness and needs of each stage from sampling to confidence interval estimation to have great difficulty at proper teaching of statistical estimation. PCK that had teaching method had problem of a lot of misconception. MKT of sample and sampling distribution that interpreted confidence interval had almost no relation with teachers' experience to require opportunity for development of teacher professionalism. Therefore, teachers were asked to estimate statistic and to get confidence interval and to understand concept of the sample and think much of not only relationship of each concept but also validity of estimated values, and to have knowledge enough to interpret data of real life contexts, and to think and discuss students' concepts. So, textbooks should introduce actual concepts at real life context to make use of exact orthography and to let teachers be reeducated for development of professionalism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.56-65
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to investigate how elementary school student understands or students understand the illustrations on the phase change of the Moon in science textbook and to find out how textbook illustration helps students form the conception of the phase change of the Moon. To identify this purpose, we selected illustrations on the phase change of the Moon in the science textbook revised in 2007 and 2009 revised science textbook. For this study we selected and interviewed 20 students in the fifth grade. We integrated all data collected through interviews and created a transcription and a protocol and then, confirmed scientific conceptions related to the phase change of the Moon in students' illustration reading. The result are as followings: First, students read more scientific conceptions related to the phase change of the Moon in illustration of the 2009 revised science textbook which is presented with the universal observer's view point and the earth observer's view point. Second, students who find meaning in the various elements of the illustration and interpret with the integration of the various elements, get a lot of relevant information from illustration. All students have no differences recognizing the elements presented in illustration. But there are differences of contents of illustration reading depending on how students interpret the illustrations with integration of the various elements and if students cannot figure out the four scientific concepts needed to understand the phase change of the Moon, they ignore the information provided by illustration or analysis in their own way according to information provided by illustration. So misconception appears in this process.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.197-212
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to identify the maturity stages of venture firms through classification analysis, which is widely used as a big data technique. Venture companies should develop a competitive advantage in the market. And the maturity stage of a company can be classified into five stages. I will analyze a difference in the growth stage of venture firms between the survey response and the statistical classification methods. The firm growth level distinguished five stages and was divided into the period of start-up and declines. A classification method of big data uses popularly k-mean cluster analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, artificial neural network, and decision tree analysis. I used variables that asset increase, capital increase, sales increase, operating profit increase, R&D investment increase, operation period and retirement number. The research results, each big data analysis technique showed a large difference of samples sized in the group. In particular, the decision tree and neural networks' methods were classified as three groups rather than five groups. The groups size of all classification analysis was all different by the big data analysis methods. Furthermore, according to the variables' selection and the sample size may be dissimilar results. Also, each classed group showed a number of competitive differences. The research implication is that an analysts need to interpret statistics through management theory in order to interpret classification of big data results correctly. In addition, the choice of classification analysis should be determined by considering not only management theory but also practical experience. Finally, the growth of venture firms needs to be examined by time-series analysis and closely monitored by individual firms. And, future research will need to include significant variables of the company's maturity stages.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to interpret the transformation of Cooperative Groups for Agricultural Production(CGAP) with the change of the Agricultural Productive Force. The specific objectives were; 1) To investigate the change of agricultural labour-power, 2) To investigate the change of agricultural mechanization and arable land, 3) To interpret the transformation and content of CLAP. The population of farmhouseholds has decreased continuously since the late 1960s. Especially, with the move-outs of youth ages of twenties to forties, the condition of agricultural labour-power has been more serious. The processing of agricultural mechanization was a small scale step in the 1970s, but after the 1980s there was a spread of middle-large machines. However the usage rate of agricultural machines was constrained by the bad conditions of arable land. From the 1970s to now, the CGAP have bean processed by many kinds of patterns. In the 1970s, the lack of labour-power caused the creation of the Co-Working Team. After the late of 1970s, the wage of agricultural employees was raised, because the working population of agriculture was cut down. Also, the induction of agricultural machine was promoted. As a result, in the 1980s, the Machine-Using Team occurred due to these conditions of agricultural productive force. In the late of 1980s, the population decreased more rapidly, and the use of large machines were spread. Than farmhouseholds laking labour-power gave a trust to other farmhouseholds and Teams which had machines. In 1990, Given-Trust Cooperations were enacted by law, and in order to overcome the lack of labour-power, and solve the problem of the successors of agriculture, Cooperative Organizations were also enacted by law. Finally, in Korea from the 1970s to now, as the agricultural productive force has barn changed, the Co-Working Team was transformed into the Machine-Using Team, and the Machine-Using Team was transformed into the Given-Trust Cooperation, and the Cooperative Organization.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.1
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• pp.89-101
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• 2001

The purpose of this study ins to verify the characteristic location of Byungyoung Castle, physical type, inside spatial organization, and the scheme of Byungyoung Castle. The study utilizes historic literature, ancient maps related to Byungyoung Castle, topographical and cadastral maps which were published under the rule of Japanese Imperialism Castle, topographical and cadastral maps which were published under the rule of Japanese Imperialism and the topographical maps which were made recently by National Geographic Institute with various scales. The methodology of the study is to interpret the contents from the historic literature on the site map. The methodology of the study is to interpret the contents from the historic literature on the site map. The result of the study is as follows; Byungyoung Castle does duty as a defensive base for the entire country and has a specific character of location that has the dual function of a mountain fortress for national defense and of a village fortress for the town. Byungyoung Castle has four gates on four sides and has a oval shape very close to a circular form. The road construction inside the castle is composed basically of a cross shape. Byungyoung is located in the northwest area of this major road system. The private houses that lie along the north-south road are build up at the core area of the lower level and the town market built up around the south gate becomes the heart of life for the people. Schematically, it has the same pattern as regular village fortress, in that the houses for the guests and the houses for the public office are arranged to the east and the west. It is considered that there is certain functional parallel between Byungyoug Castle and Ulsan castle because there are no facilities for sacrificial rites no institutional budding.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.257-275
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• 2021

This study investigated the prospective teacher's noticing of students' mathematical thinking from the perspective of how the prospective teacher pays attention to, interprets, and responds to the student's responses related to variables. The prospective teachers were asked to infer the students' thinking from the variables related to the tasks and suggest feedback accordingly. An analysis of the responses of 26 prospective teachers showed that it was not easy for prospective teachers to pay attention to the misconception of variables and that some of them did not make proper interpretations. Most prospective teachers who did not attend and interpret were found to have failed to provide an appropriate response due to a lack of overall understanding of variables. even though prospective teachers who did proper attend and interpret were found to have failed to respond appropriately due to a lack of empirical knowledge, even with proper attention and interpretation.