• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.1-30
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• 2018

The concept of soft power presents both theoretical and practical difficulties for researchers and policy makers. This essay examines the practical use of soft power and argues that soft power resources in education are important for attracting individuals to migrate between countries and assimilate to the new language and culture of the new location. Japan's attempts to utilize soft power resources in its educational system have provided mixed results dependent on the target population. Japan has successfully attracted individuals into fields related to higher education much more so than skilled labor programs. This essay discusses the importance of educational soft power resources in Japanese strategy to increase educated working population that is assimilated to Japanese language and culture. After reviewing the literature on soft power in Asia, and Japanese cultural integration policies, the essay examines three cases of Japanese educational soft power - the JET Programme, the caregiver-training program, and internationalization of university programs. In addition, the essay shows that Japan is more successful attracting higher educated individuals seeking higher paying employment rather than skilled labor through these programs.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.201-212
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• 2016

Due to growing problems securing stable mineral and energy resources with international political and economic changes, China has dedicated itself to strategies and policies to enhance its stable mineral and energy resources security. China has established a rare earth elements(REE) industry policy after the abolition of the REE exports quota system. China's six large REE companies have also been integrated into REE mining, smelting and refining companies. Efforts have been increased to enhance China's energy security through unconventional oil and gas exploration and development investment, as well as effort in R&D. The country will focus on technology development and exploration to promote commercial production of unconventional oil and gas based on countries with shale gas. China is making long-term contracts and joint ventures to ensure the acquisition of reliable mineral and energy resources from abroad. Government of China has proposed a range of initiatives, such as the integration of resources development strategies and environmental development strategies, internationalization of resource management, supply diversification and advancement, strengthening industry linking strategy, grouping and diversification strategy.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.189-198
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• 2010

This study is aimed at proposing the framework of international cooperation business in HRD KOREA. To achieve this goal I collected all of data that were used in process of international cooperation business in HRD KOREA and interviewed some people to get information from the people concerned. After that I analyzed data involved in using SWOT technique and proposed the framework of international cooperation business in HRD KOREA. The conclusions are as these. First, alliances must be vitalized between businesses besides between organizations. For example 'Developing of voluntary comeback program for foreigner' and 'Establishment of HRD KOREA Center' can be proposed as action plans for this strategy. Second, glocalization must be pushed ahead. For example 'Business career monitoring system for PMC' can be proposed as action plan. Third, building of preemptive base must be done. For example 'Standing of international HRD forum' can be proposed as action plan. Fourth, reinforcement of organizational competency must be done. For example 'The program for internationalization' can be proposed as action plan. Fifth, SBU(Strategic Business Unit) must be pushed ahead. For example 'Customer diversification portfolio' can be proposed as action plan.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.1-19
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• 2019

Purpose - This research examines the effect of a foreign subsidiary on the productivity growth of a Two-way trading manufacturing firm in Korea. We explore firms engaged in both trade and FDI simultaneously to verify whether participation in GVC as a broad concept is an efficient internationalization strategy to increase the productivity of a Korean manufacturing firm. Design/methodology - Based on the firm-level data by utilizing the Survey of Business Activities from Statistics Korea, we examine the impact of vertically integrated foreign subsidiaries on the productivity of a manufacturing firm that exports and imports simultaneously. Findings - The results show that if a Two-way trading firm establishes one or more overseas subsidiaries, the total factor productivity growth increases. Moreover, the FDI effect is statistically significant when the destination country has an economically close relationship with Korea. However, these effects are disparate depending on the industrial competitiveness or market situation where the subsidiary is located. Nonetheless, the synergy effect resulting from industrial combination is represented in China and the USA only. Originality/value - As the importance of GVC has become more emphasized around the world. In spite of the scarcity of related domestic studies, we explored the effect of multinational manufacturing firms participating in GVC using firm-level data.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.37-46
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• 2021

Purpose: The international business is affected by significant cultural factors that may impediment the operation and the ultimate performance of a business organization. The current study aims to investigate prior literatures works to find cross-cultural discrepancies such as the cultural distance that impacts international companies' operations and management and develop appropriate strategies for realizing high performance while overcoming these challenges. Research design, data and methodology: To find the required sources, the study employed the use of secondary data. Different search strategies were used to find the necessary materials from various sources. The data composed of an extensive review from multiple peer-reviewed journals and other existing research. Results: Based on literature analysis, the current study suggests novel seven strategies for multinational organizations. As a result, this study provides various pieces of literature to deduce meaningful information on the appropriate business strategies that a company can use to bridge the gap of the limitations of cross-cultural impacts on international businesses. Conclusion: An organization moving into a new cultural environment faces challenges including tastes and preferences, norms, language barriers, and beliefs. Organizations, therefore, have to devise the best strategies to align themselves with the prevailing cultural conditions to reap the benefits of internationalization.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.87-100
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• 2019

A country's participation in international technical standards development directly relates to its trade competitiveness. Many countries adopt international standards or influence their development process through the ISO/IEC. This study applies the ABCD Model to assess such activities through a constructed ITS index, not only in terms of 'level' of contribution but also in terms of 'process' participation that can give important implications related to the future potential influence of countries in standards development. Having examined seven countries, Korea showed the lowest score implying the need to enhance its performance in both 'international standards adoption' and 'internationalization of domestic standards'. Korea needs to more actively participate in currently on-going standards development processes, establish more offices that improve accuracy in the development, and consider participating in additional committees where domestic interests may potentially be at stake. Although KATS has improved greatly in regards to its relevant activities and database construction, a more active and specific plan must be made to allow its efforts to successfully influence Korea in international standards development. Confronted with strong challenges from directly competing countries in trade like China and Japan that showed better ITS scores, there is a need for Korea to step up its research and participation in this field.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.267-275
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• 2021

This study investigates the relationship between cultural distance and entry mode choice, where the foreign investor firm and the host country are both from emergent economies. Within this framework, research is limited and the issue is whether companies, regardless of their specific situations, have the same strategy when they meet a high degree of uncertainty in the host environment. In this study, we focused on the influence of informal institutional factors: cultural distance, that has been extensively analyzed in international business, measured by Kogut and Singh index and defined according to Hofstede, Globe Project and Schwartz approaches. The general trend derived from prior research proves that when a company from a developed country is involved; overall more enthusiasm is shown for wholly-owned subsidiaries rather than joint venture. This result still stands validated for corporations from this emergent economy area. Our analysis of a sample of 163 FDI in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) using logistic binary regression model reveals that the foreign firms prefer to establish wholly-owned subsidiaries in the host country over entering into a joint venture with a local firm, taking into consideration the large cultural distance.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.252-258
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• 2022

Globalization, development of the information society, intensification of migration processes, and internationalization of education in recent years have significantly affected the international labour market and increased competition between professionals in various fields. Academic, research and teaching staff are currently facing rapid changes and growing demand for quality educational services. Under such conditions, educational institutions around the world pay particular attention to improving the quality of the educational process in order for their graduates to be able to compete in the international labour market. The study of the experience of teachers' professional training in advanced countries opens new opportunities for improving the system of pedagogical training in Ukraine in order to adapt it to the requirements of the European educational space. The progressive achievements of countries demonstrating a high level of teachers' professional training in accordance with international standards, having rich historical educational traditions are of considerable scientific interest; consequently, this contributes to their leadership in science and education at the regional and global levels. The purpose of the present academic paper lies in analysing the latest trends in exploring teaching experience in the European countries and performance review of passing by students and teachers of the program on studying of pedagogical practice and experience of teaching in the countries of Europe. Methodology. Analytical and empirical (questionnaire) methods were used in the research process. Results. According to the obtained results of the research, the advantages, the most common areas of educational programs and the wishes of the participants regarding the practical implementation of the experience were identified.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.17-35
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• 2023

Purpose: As more and more food franchise companies want to expand overseas, related research is becoming more and more necessary. This study aims to examine the critical factors for successful overseas expansion according to the stages of overseas expansion, derive vital associations, and examine the success factors of overseas expansion through semantic network analysis. Research Design, Data, and Methodology: This study conducted in-depth interviews with three food franchise companies that have experienced overseas expansion and conducted semantic network analysis among crucial associations. The semantic network analysis was conducted using the Textom program. Results: Based on the results of the in-depth interview analysis, the factors considered when expanding overseas were categorized as 1) standardization and localization strategies of overseas franchisees, 2) physical environment of overseas franchisees, 3) entry types of overseas franchisees, 4) constraints of overseas franchisees, and 5) success criteria of overseas franchisees. The semantic network analysis based on the corresponding keywords showed that the importance of local partners is very high in common. Conclusion: This study examined and re-categorized the important factors to consider when a restaurant franchise company expands overseas in a step-by-step manner. In addition, an attempt was made to examine the keywords derived from the semantic network analysis objectively. The results provided theoretical and practical implications for the successful overseas expansion of franchise companies.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.25-42
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• 2014

Since the reform and opening up in 1978, Chinese economy has been increasing rapidly with a high growth rate, but after 2012 the growth rate decreased as the reform of economic system. While economy in Africa began booming since 2000. Influenced by Global Financial Crisis and European Debt Crisis, economy in Africa slightly slowed down, but it was rebounding apparently from 2010. The urgent demand for energy and the sharp increasing in foreign exchange reserve pushes China to seek overseas markets. As Africa keeps a well relationship with China and the complementarity between China and Africa economy, Africa becomes one of the target markets for China's foreign development. Recently more and more enterprises begin to invest in Africa market. But till now the study on Africa mainly focuses on theoretical research based on real cases, and empirical research are very few and need to be increased. This thesis studies the influence of enterprise feature; local market feature and investment in foreign market on the result satisfaction of Chinese enterprises that invest in Africa markets. At the same time this thesis also studies and analyzes the market access strategy and marketing strategy for Chinese enterprises after entering overseas markets and put forward effective recommendation and suggestion for these enterprises. In order to proceed this study, 317 Chinese enterprises which invest in Africa have been investigated by me. And frequency analysis, reliability analysis, factor analysis, and simple regression analysis have also been conducted by SPSS18.0 APP to verify the hypothesis. The study result suggests that onlu investment in foreign market affects the Performance satisfaction of Chinese enterprises. And the market access strategy and marketing strategy play a role of the mediational effects when Chinese enterprises are investing in Africa.