• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.513-521
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• 2024

This study aims to investigate how the social capital of middle school students is influenced by their grades, attitudes, and school interests, which are defined as school adjustment flexibility, and how they affect the social capital of middle school students. This study aims to provide a basis for policy discussions on how to shape the social capital of adolescents. The results of the analysis show that school adjustment flexibility has an impact on each factor of social capital. Trust is positively related to school attitudes, and norms are positively related to school compliance and school interest. Network has a positive effect on school attitude and a negative effect on school enjoyment. These results suggest that the higher the ability to follow the rules, the higher the norms of social capital, which suggests that social norms internalized at the individual level also affect group norms, which are the standards of behavior or rituals that members of a group follow when they want to behave as expected of them. We were able to find out that the normative domain of social capital is expanded by increasing the interest in school life of elementary and middle school students, and we confirmed that school class attitude is a major influencing factor in developing the network of social capital. Therefore, in order to increase the social capital capacity of elementary and middle school students, it is necessary to devise a plan to form various networks through multifaceted efforts to increase interest in school life and changes in school class attitude.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.303-325
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• 2015

The latest slogan put forth by the international space community is the safety, security, and sustainability of outer space activities. The security of outer space activities, in particular, would be defined as the secure state from space-based threats. The latter comprises passive threats (such as collision with other satellites and space debris) and aggressive threats (such as electromagnetic interference, arms race on the earth or in outer space, and military attacks). Has outer space been used for military purposes in practice? If so, does international law regulate the military space activities it? The use of outer space for military purposes is referred to as space militarization and space weaponisation. Satellites has been used in Gulf War, Kosovo War, and Afghan War, recently, and research and development on space weapons are under way. Since only the placement of weapons of mass destruction on orbit around the earth is prohibited in accordance with 1967 Outer Space Treaty, it may be asked whether other weapons may be placed on orbit. It will be necessary to analyze the stance of on the above question, by studying UN space-related treaties including UN Charter. New international space norms represented by PPWT, ICoC, and UN GGE Report are at the center of progressive development of international law. In conclusion, the author will signpost the various points on international norms to be codified on the use of outer space for military purposes.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 1991

The authors investigated the existing international fishery relationship in the sea around the Korean Peninsula, and prospected on the reformation of the fishery order which might be followed by mutation of the international political condition and by effectuation of the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea in the future. It can be explained that the existing international fishery order in this sea has been constituted on the basis of restricting Japanese indiscriminate fishery expansion. But. when the South Korea and China proclaim the 200-mile EEZ in the future, a considerable part of existing fishery agreements will forfeit the role as general norms of the international fishery relationship. Accordingly a counterplan against the revision or abrogation of the Korea-Japan Fishery Agreement must be considered. And also a rational fishery relationship between Korea and China, as confronting countries, must be organized. The South-North Korea fishery relationship must be settled on the basis of co-operation. trust, and common interest. For this purpose, a political discussion on the establishment of the joint fishery zone around the military demarcation line and on the conservation for the fishery resources must be begun in earnest.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.456-470
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• 2017

We propose some countermeasures needed to cope with fortifying international regulations for fisheries subsidies. The government should rigorously select the recipients of fisheries subsidies to ensure that they are not engaged in ineffective projects by resorting to subsidies. On the other hand, the government should make the individual applicant's application for the subsidies easier by exempting them from the submission of a burdensome feasibility report. As for the strengthening regulatory international movements against the fisheries subsidies, we can consider the following countermeasures. One is not to designate and provide prohibitive subsidies in such a way that violates international norms. The other one is to reform the domestic fisheries subsidies system in Korea with the following points considered. It should be considered that fisheries subsidies, which can be categorized as the actionable subsidies, should not be granted to the items that can be exported but to the items that can be used for domestic consumption or processing. In the case of non-actionable subsidies, the subsidies are mainly allowed for promotion of public-sector research and development, regional development, and adaptation to new environmental regulations. Thus, the non-actionable subsidies should be designated in the consideration of the allowances for these activities.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.147-166
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• 2020

As the volume of trade between Korea and Vietnam increases, the number and amount of commercial disputes between Korean and Vietnamese companies are increasing. In the case of Vietnam, due to differences in the arbitration system and norms due to the socialist state system, foreign companies lack confidence in the settlement of disputes through commercial arbitration in Vietnam. At this point, it is necessary to not only discuss commercial disputes and settlements, but also to closely review and understand Vietnam's commercial dispute settlement system. Therefore, this study examines the current status and characteristics of Vietnam's commercial disputes and analyzes the actual problems of Vietnam Commercial Arbitration System that arise through the arbitral award of the Vietnam International Arbitration Center (VIAC), Vietnam's representative arbitration agency, and precedents on the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitration awards in Vietnamese courts. In the end, this study seeks to revitalize the Vietnam Commercial Arbitration so that each disputed party may quickly deal with the commercial disputes, and seeks a more smooth solution through commercial arbitration in future trade claims between Korean and Vietnamese companies.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.41-57
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• 2017

The purpose of this research was to develop a typology of fair-trade apparel consumers and present a clear overview of the influence of product knowledge on consumer behaviors. A two-step cluster analysis was used to classify respondents into sub-groups based on their level of self-perceived knowledge and purchase experience. In addition, ANOVA was used to test the predictive validity of the cluster solution. Income was the only demographic variable that significantly differed across groups. The more familiar and more experienced group had higher income than the other groups. Psychographic data showed that attitudes and moral norms varied across groups. The more familiar and more experienced group had more positive attitudes and higher level of moral norms than the less familiar and less experienced group. In terms of behavioristic data, groups differed significantly in purchase intentions and willingness to pay more for fair-trade apparel. That is, the more familiar and more experienced group was willing to pay more and had higher purchase intentions than the less familiar and less experienced group. Overall, the level of product knowledge and purchase experience were considerably low. This study thus confirmed the need to increase consumers' familiarity related to fair-trade apparel products.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.31-45
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• 2018

The study aims to predict the behavior of tourists in Hadong County, which is registered as KIAHS. Based on the theory of planning behavior, we intend to verify the theory of planned behaviour, which adds descriptive parameters of the perceived value and prior knowledge of an agricultural heritage. In detail, first, the perceived value and prior knowledge of tourists about an agricultural heritage understand the influence of tourists' Attitude. Second, we could see the role of the behavioral factors in the causal relationship of the planned behavioral theory. We have identified the planned behavioral theory that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceptual behavior controls affect the intention of the revisit. Hadong should remember that by sending and providing various information about Hadong Green Tea and World Agricultural Heritage sites, it is possible to elicit changes in visitor attitudes and revisit visits.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.5-12
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• 2016

Purpose - Not all firms are able to completely eliminate the risk arising out of the crisis. Success hides in the ability to perceive the market expectations accurately and take correct decisions. This study aims to analyze the firms' decisions at gross-root level. Research Design, Data, and Methodology - Primary data is obtained with the help of specially designed questionnaires from the agriproducts export firms that are members of export union of Turkey. The study is based on four theoretical structures: general planned behavior theory model, perception-leading behavior control and subjective norm model, perceived-behavioral-control leading perception and subjective norm models, and perceptions and subjective norms leading behavior control model. Structural Equation Models (SEM) is used to conduct the empirical analysis. Results - The findings show perceptions and subjective norms leading behavior control model as the best one, concluding that the environmental pressures and positive perceptions have significant effect on the strategic decisions of the agriproducts export firms. Conclusion - Policy tools like creating positive perception in the markets, providing sufficient information and financial support to the firms and increasing market competition can be used effectively to achieve the said objective.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.39-50
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• 2018

Purpose - The ultimate purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of personal disposition on shopping value and behavioral intention by expanding the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Research design, data, and methodology - An attempt was made to examine the effects of personal disposition (reflecting duty-free shop characteristics) on three selective actions of consumers - compulsive buying, variety seeking, and price sensitivity. We conducted a questionnaire survey with the users of airport duty-free shops, downtown duty-free shops (offline), and online duty-free shops. In total, 410 copies of the questionnaire were analyzed using a structural equation model. Results - According to the results, compulsive buying, variety seeking, and price sensitivity significantly affected shopping value. Shopping value and subjective norms both had significant effects on attitude, the major variable in the TPB, and attitude had the greatest effect on behavioral intention, followed by subjective norms and perceived behavioral control in descending order. Conclusions - This study has academic implications in that it extends the existing theories of planned behavior and applies it to consumer characteristics and shopping value. It has practical implications as well in that it provides basic data that can be used to establish concrete marketing strategies for duty-free shop owners targeting segmented markets by closely examining customer desires.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.9
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• pp.341-349
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• 2021

This study is conducted to fill the research gap in proposing and testing the relationship between "Attitudes about the overall image of the destination", "Subjective norms" and "Perceived behavioral control". Simultaneously, we examine the relationship between these variables and tourists' "intent to choose a destination.". While most previous studies only deal with the relationship between destination image and intended behavior of tourists, this study uses the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991) to explain the intended behavior of tourists. In addition, the Theory of Destination Image (Echtner & Ritchie, 1991) is used to explain the factor "attitudes about the overall image of the destination", contribute to supplementing and perfecting the Theory of Planned Behavior. This study uses a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to analyze a sample of 993 observations, the subjects of which are international tourists to Vietnam, to test the relationship between second-order constructs. The test results show that "Subjective norms" and "Perceived behavioral control" have an impact on "Attitudes about the overall image of the destination". Moreover, all these three factors have an impact on "Intent to choose destination", in which the factor "Perceived behavioral control" has the greatest impact on "intention to choose destination".