• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.41-62
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• 2023

Purpose - This paper examines whether the imposition of countervailing duties by the United States on undervalued foreign currency is legally consistent with the WTO's SCM Agreement. Design/methodology - The study uses a methodology that involves analyzing relevant WTO agreements, prior panel reports, Appellate Body decisions, and other legal documents. Findings - The findings suggest that to impose countervailing duties, certain legal requirements must be met, including financial contribution, benefit, and specificity. The paper also notes that when calculating the benefits of undervalued foreign currency, losses from import activities due to currency undervaluation must be considered. Additionally, classifying all exports to the US under specific industries or business groups is likely to be inconsistent with the SCM Agreement. Originality/value - Even the US countervailing measures on exchange rate subsidies may not comply with WTO regulations due to incorrect calculation of benefits and a lack of specificity, however, it suggests that when intervening in the foreign exchange market, the measures should aim to achieve only minimum policy goals.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.69-95
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• 1999

Internet EC accomplish to simply electronic business from all process integration of production, marketing and customer service. Also customers gain to goods information by one-line product reference, order, product information exchange and negotiate to low cost for high quality goods. Therefore, Purpose of this study is to introduce the building method of efficient EC, helping understand EC, and analysing its present state in the Korean enterprises and efficiency on international trade information.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.768-773
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• 2005

Among various joint ventures, International Construction Joint Ventures (ICJVs) have emerged as a popular approach worldwide to developing large scale projects through international participation. A model, based on economic analysis and represented by several hypotheses obtained from the analysis, will be developed. Furthermore, we will empirically test the hypotheses/model using Structural Equation Model (SEM). This research is expected to explain why there exist different organizational forms for ICJVs, and to develop a framework for choosing appropriate forms with respect to various characteristics of ICJVs.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.77-81
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• 2013

The international standard AIS, which stands for the safety of ship navigation and vessel traffic management, provides 27 messages to exchange the navigational information of ship. Among 27 messages, message ID 6 and 8 are defined as the binary data format to exchange application specific information and are classified into IFM for international use and RFM for national or regional use. Since international standards are based on English, there have been some needs to exchange data in Hangul text for vessel traffic management to correct the static and dynamic ships' information. In this paper, I analyze international standards to provide a Hangul text messaging service based on RFM and propose a RFM message and a simple protocol to correct information of a ship.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.277-297
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• 2009

This paper empirically investigates a long-run and short-run equilibrium relationships for exchange rate and stock prices in Korea and Japan from January 1998 to July 2008. Because using monthly data in my study, analyzes unit root test and VEC model including seasonality to overcome bias that happen in seasonal adjustment. The empirical evidence suggests that exists strong evidence supporting the long-run cointegration relationships between exchange rates and stock prices of the Korea and Japan. This implies that it is possible to predict one market from another for both countries, which seems to violate the efficient market hypothesis. In the long-run a negative relationship running from the KRW/JPY real exchange rate to the stock prices of Korea strongly argues for the traditional approach.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.12
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• pp.123-129
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• 2020

This scholarly work is an effort to capture the effects of oil prices on the actual exchange rate between dollar and rupee. This is done with reference to the U.S. dollar as oil prices are marked in USD (U.S. Dollar) in the international market, and India is among the top five importers of oil. Using monthly data from January 2001 to May 2020. The study used the real GDP, money supply, short-term interest rate difference between two countries, and inflation apart from the crude oil prices per barrel as the factors that help define the exchange rate. The analysis, through cointegration and vector error correction method (VECM), suggests long and short-run causality amid prices of oil and the rate of exchange fluctuations. Oil prices are found to be negatively related to the exchange rate in the long term but positively related in the short term. The result of the Wald test also indicates the short-run causation from the short-term interest rate and the prices of crude oil towards the exchange rate. The present study shows that oil prices are evidence of the existence of short-term and long-term driving associations with short-term interest rates and exchange rates.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.907-912
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• 2007

Ion exchange resin was used to remove silica ion at ultralow concentration. The effects of temperature, type of ion exchange resin and single/mixed-resin systems on removal efficiency were estimated. As temperature increased, the slope of concentration profile became stiff, and the equilibrium concentration was higher. In the single resin system, the removal of silica was continued up to 400 min, but the silica concentration was recovered to initial concentration after 400 min due to the effect of dissolved $CO_2$. In the mixed-resin system it took about 600 min to reach equilibrium. Because of faster cation exchange reaction than anion exchange reaction, the effect of $CO_2$ could be removed. Based on the experimental results carried out in the mixed-resin system, the selectivity coefficients of silica ion for each ion exchange resin were calculated at some specific temperatures. The temperature dependency of the selectivity coefficient was expressed by the equation of Kraus-Raridon type.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1411-1416
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• 2009

Several adsorbents were tried to remove the selenium ions from industrial wastewater and the following ascending order of the adsorption performance for the selenium at pH 9 was observed: cation exchange resin < chelate resin < zeolite < brown marine algae < granular activated carbon < anion exchange resin. Initial concentration of selenium(146 mg/L) in industrial wastewater was reduced to 63 mg/L of selenium at pH 9 by neutralization process. The maximum uptake of Se calculated from the Langmuir isotherm with anion exchange resin was 0.091 mmol/g at pH 10 and that with granular activated carbon was 0.083 mmol/g at pH 6. The affinity coefficients of Se ion towards anion exchange resin and granular activated carbon were 3.263 L/mmol at pH 10 and 0.873 L/mmol at pH 6, respectively. The sorption performance of anion exchange resin at the low concentration of Se, namely, was much better than that of granular activated carbon. The Se ions from industrial wastewater throughout neutralization process and two steps of adsorption using anion exchange resin was removed to 97.7%.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.281-310
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• 2013

The aim of this paper is to estimate the degree of RMB misalignment from its equilibrium exchange rate by applying the Behavioral Equilibrium Exchange Rate (BEER) approach. We employ monthly data with reference to China's top 20 trading partners covering the period of 1997 to 2012. We find that the RMB was slightly overvalued before 2001 and significantly undervalued by up to 20 per cent in the end of 2006. There is evidence showing that the RMB approached to its equilibrium level from 2007 to 2008. However, the global financial crisis interrupted the trend of declining misalignment of RMB exchange rate. The RMB's total misalignment increased to around 25 per cent in the mid-2011 mainly because the RMB was re-pegged to the US dollar and some currencies of China's main trading partners depreciated during the period of crisis. More recently, the degree of RMB misalignment slightly declined since 2012 when the RMB proceeded to appreciate and China's ratio of current account surplus to GDP dropped considerably. Our findings prove that there is a trend of the RMB approaching to its equilibrium exchange rate since 2007 except for the period of crisis.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.23-36
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• 2021

The study explores the nexus between foreign direct investment (FDI), financial innovation, and exchange rate volatility in selected South Asian countries for 1980 to 2017. The study applies the unit root test, Autoregressive Distributed Lagged, nonlinear ARDL, and causality test following Toda-Yamamoto. Unit root tests ascertain that variables are integrated in a mixed order; few variables are stationary at a level and few after the first difference. Empirical model estimation with ARDL, Long-run cointegration revealed with the tests of FPSS, WPSS, and tBDM by rejecting the null hypothesis of "no cointegration." This finding suggests that, in the long-run financial innovation, FDI inflows, and exchange rate volatility move together. Moreover, study findings established adverse effects running from FDI inflows and financial innovation to exchange rate volatility in the long run. These findings suggest that continual FDI inflows and innovativeness in the financial system assist in lessening the volatility in the foreign exchange market. Furthermore, nonlinear ARDL confirms the presence of asymmetric cointegration in the model. The standard Wald test established asymmetric effects running from FDI inflows and financial innovation to exchange rate volatility, both in the long and short run. Directional causality unveils feedback hypothesis holds for explaining causality between FDI, financial innovation, and exchange rate volatility.