• International Area Studies Review
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.403-425
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• 2011

Canada became the first OECD/DAC member state that legislated the ODA Accountability Act in 2008, which prescribe Canada ODA policies to meet the guidelines and norms of international human rights while other OECD/DAC member states was just emphasizing the importance of abiding by the international human rights norms. Paying attention to the Canadian case, this article critically examines under what structural environments and process this Act was passed. This article argues that the legislation of the ODA Accountability Act is closely related with Canada's international position as middle power and diplomatic strategies. Bring up the human security issues as a niche market, Canada demonstrates the characteristics of middle power state by emphasizing human rights agenda as new foreign policy strategies. Reflecting on the negative outcomes from neoliberal aid policy of structural adjustment and promoting the new aid norms in post cold war era would also help foster the enabling environment for the value-oriented aid policies and enactment of the Accountability Act. Civil society organizations were also playing catalyst role in constructing Canada's state identity of human rights defender.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.65-89
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• 2013

This study aims to assess the development effectiveness of the Paris Declaration (2005). Using data collected by the OECD/DAC from 78 developing countries for the period 2005~2010, this study evaluates the role played by the Paris Declaration principles alone and in interaction with aid in promoting per-capita GDP growth. The analysis shows that the overall net impact of aid on promoting economic growth has been negative. However, aid effectiveness has been enhanced by the sound policies or institutions and some Paris Declaration (PD) principles. Of the five principles of the PD, only the alignment and, to some extent, mutual accountability principles of the PD did show a significant and positive role in making aid more effective for economic growth of aid recipient countries. Therefore, OECD's statement that the PD enhances aid effectiveness is supported only partially. These findings have significant implications for the importance accorded to sound policies and institutions in the growth literature, and for future international development cooperation agenda.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.287-305
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• 2019

The export of agricultural, fisheries, and food products acts as an engine of growth for developing countries in particular. However, exporting these items is easier said than done since issues of certification and inspection, so-called technical barriers to trade (TBT) and sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS), in developed markets have worked as major obstacles for exports. This paper examines the institutional aspects and recent trends of South Korea's TBT/SPS-related cases against exporting firms of the developing countries. We suggest a win-win partnership model that can promote cooperative synergies between Korea and developing employing trade-related technical cooperation or ODA (Official Development Aid). Technical cooperation such as the provision of on-spot field consulting services on TBT/SPS-related issues for exporting firms and Korean OEM firms of developing countries can lead to mutual gains. This cooperative partnership can create gains from "the trade-development nexus" for both sides while promoting sustainable trade and investment relationships between Korea and developing countries.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.1-17
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• 2013

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the aid effectiveness of ODA projects through a case of an e-Government ODA. The case at hand is the Mongolian National Data Center project, which was supported by Korea International Cooperation Agency in 2007~2009. In this paper, we analyze aid effectiveness through a case instead of a long-term macroeconomic analysis. By using OECD DAC guideline for performance evaluation of ODA project combined with PRM (Performance Reference Model) for evaluating e-Government, authors undertakes a post-implementation evaluation on the Mongolian NDC project. The result shows that the NDC project has been relevant and implemented effectively and efficiently given the political instability incurred by the election fraud in 2008. However, there have been problems as well. Provision of defected monitors was a critical problem while disagreement on the safety of the building was lasted for two more years to be settled. Some comments on the training program are also worth to hear to ameliorate similar projects. But more fundamental problems are found in impacts and sustainability areas. Low political status of ICTPA as a coordinating organization for ICT ODA and unstable job security of NDC are serious hurdles to increase effectiveness and efficiency of NDC. ICTPA has played very limited roles in coordinating government-wide ICT ODA projects because it lacks actual power and control over them. Other government organizations do not fully trust NDC as a reliable government data center due to low political status and lack of job security. Thus critical factors to affect the effectiveness and efficiency of e-Government ODA projects are political and organizational instead of economic.

• Interdisciplinary Bio Central
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.11.1-11.8
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• 2010

Indonesia is a mega-biodiversity country having at least one trillion US Dollars value of biological resources per year over the next 20 years. Indonesia is home to 11 percent of the world's flowering plant species and 12 percent of all mammals. Many of Indonesia's species and more than half of the archipelago's endemic plant species are found nowhere else on the Earth. This information is just a small portion of all higher plants and animals being found in Indonesia. Former studies described that total number of species in Indonesia is estimated more than 1,000,000 and most of them remain unknown scientifically. Most of lower plants and animals have not been studied yet, so that greatest portion of Indonesia's biological resources has never been assessed with respect to its economic value or conservation status. Many developed countries are building cooperation with Indonesia on resources, mainly in the fields of grant aid, socio-economic services, R & D, researcher exchange, technology transfer, infrastructure, education/training, finance, etc. Indonesia will obtain greater benefits and management of its biological richness via increasing its international capacity to add value and information to its biological diversity. These goals can be achieved by close international collaboration on search of important biological resources and other bioactive products that have potential economic values. Development of biological resource-based technology stands as the industry of the $21^{st}$ century and, therefore, Indonesia has a unique opportunity to lead the process in the world.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.45
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• pp.103-151
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• 2023

This study aims to examine the International Development Cooperations (IDCs) of Daesoon Jinrihoe and discuss the future prospects of these programs in terms of Daesoon Thought. The international community calls for the active participation of various donors, and this is not limited to only traditional donors such as governments, public institutions, and multilateral organizations. In this regard, the role of Faith-Based Organizations (FBOs) and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) for religious communities is recognized as important. Daesoon Jinrihoe has systematized its IDCs by expanding its overseas services to implement the three major works with the official establishment of the Daejin International Volunteers Association (DIVA) in 2013. In addition to these activities, Daesoon Jinrihoe was selected by Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) in 2022. As a new religion, Daesoon Jinrihoe does not provide as much support via FBOs when compared to other traditional religions (Christianity, Buddhism, Catholicism, etc.), but it is able to conduct strategic IDCs by utilizing its expertise and capabilities (education, healthcare, etc.). In fact, the nature and content of the projects carried out by these FBOs and Daesoon Jinrihoe are similar, and the results have been remarkable considering that these programs are still in their infancy. Above all, Daesoon Jinrihoe's foreign aid is more meaningful because it does not have a religious purpose such as missionary work, and it is funded by donations from believers. In carrying out IDCs, it is necessary to promote the professionalism of IDCs based on the strategic linkage of the three major works (charity aid, social welfare, and education). It is also necessary to recognize the value and spirit of IDCs for peace and coexistence based on mutual beneficence.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.15-30
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• 2021

Korean urban development cooperation is gradually expanding into Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region, but strategies to encourage domestic market players to participate are insufficient. This paper investigated the Colombian urban planning system, urban development projects, and Korean projects in Colombia, which leads to implications for international cooperation in LAC. This research, first, compares the national and regional urban planning systems of Colombian major cities, Bogotá and Medellín. Second, case studies are carried out with a land readjustment project, a Macro project for large-scale public rental housing supply, and urban development cooperation between Korea and Colombia. By doing so, the role and the directions for Korean urban development cooperation with LAC such as Colombia are discussed and proposed. The findings suggest, first, aid projects through Official Development Assistance (ODA) should establish urban networks in recipient countries. Second, it is necessary to understand the financing structure for urban development cooperation projects that are different from infrastructure projects. Third, the successful case of urban development cooperation should be demonstrated by making the development period and size optimal and manageable.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.229-275
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• 2016

We study the effect of the high-skilled emigration rate on the growth rate of the source countries. We incorporate the foreign direct investment and the policy variables into the panel model and also their interactions with the high-skilled emigration rate, as they are related to the network externality that may be created by the high-skilled emigrants working abroad. We apply the static fixed-effects model and compare it with the results obtained in the dynamic panel model with system generalized methods of moments estimators. We find the negative effect of the high-skilled emigration rate by itself and in its interaction with the foreign direct investment only in the dynamic model. However, we find positive coefficient for the interaction of the high-skilled emigration rate and the civil liberties index, which holds across the static and dynamic specifications. This implies that the effect of the high-skilled emigration rate on the growth rate of the source countries can be positive, and the extent is larger for countries with 'poor' civil liberties. The developing countries with low levels of foreign direct investment inflows and 'poor' civil liberties can best benefit from the high levels of skilled emigration outward. Through finding significant interactions with other variables, we confirm that the high-skilled emigration should be considered along with other related variables in measuring its impact on growth. The implications offer suggestions for the international trade and aid policies.

• The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.11-18
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to present policy implications by analyzing the residential environment in North Korea under the Kim Jong-un regime. Research design, data, and methodology: Residential environment analysis was reviewed by dividing it into physical, socio-cultural, economic, environmental, and policy aspects. Results: Pyongyang are considerably superior due to it being the residence of the country's leadership and middle class. Secondly, there is a concerning problem with the provision of substandard housing. Construction materials are in short supply, and unreasonable timelines often lead to uninhabitable houses, signaling a need for assistance in housing construction. Thirdly, there is a severe lack of essential residential infrastructure, such as reliable electricity and clean water supply, which significantly impacts the quality of life. Lastly, due to the country's economic hardships, basic housing rights are not guaranteed, leading to deplorable living conditions for many North Koreans. The report suggests that these issues should be addressed through international aid to guarantee the basic human rights of North Koreans. Conclusions: In North Korea, the poor living environment deteriorates the health and quality of life of citizens and adversely affects social and economic development. Therefore, international support and cooperation to improve the living environment of North Koreans is important.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.483-490
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• 2020

This study aims to construct an ecological community and lay the foundation for sustainable development in the Korean Peninsula by promoting cooperation between the South and North Korea in the non-political and no-military natural environment sector under the rapidly changing inter-Korean relations. It analyzed South Korea's aid and international cooperation projects in natural environmental sectors in North Korea and examined North Korea's national plan and the cooperation projects that North Korea proposed to the international community to identify potential cooperation projects. It selected 15 potential cooperation projects and 6 crucial factors to be considered in prioritizing the projects through case studies and the first expert survey (five persons). The six crucial factors were i) urgency, ⅱ) linkage between North and South Korea (ecological community in the Korean Peninsula), ⅲ) contribution to sustainable development (prosperity), i) North Korea's acceptability, ⅴ) cooperation conditions and budget, and ⅵ) project sustainability. The second expert survey (14 persons) focused on prioritizing the 15 potential inter-Korean cooperation projects in line with six crucial factors. The 15 potential inter-Korean cooperation projects in the natural environment were comprehensively reviewed and scored based on the six crucial factors. The resulting priority projects were identified as follow: i) Mt. Seorak - Mt. Keumgang International Peace Park, ⅱ) support and cooperation for agro-forestry, ⅲ) joint conservation projects for internationally important migratory birds (such as Black-faced Spoonbills and Cranes), iv) inter-Korean ecotourism linkage and promotion, and ⅴ) establishment of integrated information system on leading ecosystems and biodiversity in the Korean Peninsula. The priority cooperation projects presented in this study are based on the perception of experts engaged in inter-Korean natural environmental cooperation in consideration of existing cooperation cases and conditions. For the actual implementation of these potential projects, a systematic approach, including the formation of consensus between North and South Koreas and the creation of a cooperative network with suitable partners suitable for each project's characteristics, would be needed.