• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.95-100
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• 1996

This paper presents the experimental study on hardening process of high-strength and high-flowable concrete. The experiments were performed to investigate any unfavorable construction situations since the actual concrete placement has been scheduled in cold weather period, so that the high quality concrete construction is convinced to be successfully carried out. The tests were conducted using 600nm and 1000nm height of steel tube to simulate the practical concrete filled steel tube columns according to the following variables as: the categories of chemical admixtures, curing temperatures and curing schemes. The test results were analyzed in terms of hardening speed, internal heat of hydration and history of strength gain. This paper emphasizes the importance of curing schemes on durability and the use of hardening accelerators on strength gain.

• Advances in materials Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2023

The combination of cobalt ferrite and natural rubber has a potential to enhance the functional properties of rubber ferrite composites available on the market. In this study, cobalt ferrite was synthesized by the sol-gel method with tapioca starch as a cheating agent and then incorporated into natural rubber using an internal mixer. The curing characteristics, magnetic hysteresis, complex permeability, and permittivity of the rubber ferrite composites were studied as a function of the loading from 0 to 25 phr. The cure time and scorch time tended to reduce with the addition of non-reinforced cobalt ferrite fillers. The remanent and saturation magnetizations were linearly proportional to the cobalt ferrite loading, consistent with the rule of mixture. On the other hand, the increase in cobalt ferrite loading from 5 to 25 phr slightly affected the coercive field and the complex permeability. Using the maximum loading of 25 phr, both real and imaginary parts of the permittivity were significantly raised and reduced with the frequency in the 10-300 MHz range.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.317-328
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• 2016

This research intends to understand the impact of super-absorbent polymer (SAP) as an internal curing agent in Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC). Two different types of SAPs of acrylic acid (SAP_AA) and acrylic acid-co-acrylamide (SAP_AM) were examined with UHPC formulation. Isothermal calorimetry and x-ray diffraction experiments revealed the impact of polymers with the different chemical bonds on cement hydration. To test its feasibility as a shrinkage reducing admixture for UHPC, a series of experiments including flowability, compressive strength, rapid chloride permeability and autogenous shrinkage profile was performed. While both SAPs showed a reduction in autogenous shrinkage, it has been concluded that the SAP size and chemical form significantly affect the performance as an internal curing agent in UHPC by controlling cement hydration and porosity modification. Between the tested SAPs, SAP_AM which absorbs more water in UHPC than SAP_AA, shows better mechanical and durability performance.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2021

This study aims to develop non-sintered cement that can replace the Portland cement by utilizing industrial by-products. As a suggestion, the physical properties of non-sintered cement mortar depending on the curing method were investigated with ground granulated blast furnace slag, class C fly ash, and class F fly ash. As a result of the study, it was found that the strength performance and absorption rate were improved through the heat treatment process after steam curing. It was confirmed through crystal phase analysis that the hydration was accelerated after heat treatment, and the bonding material formed a dense internal structure.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2007.04a
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• pp.1-4
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• 2007

This study investigated the applicability of insulation curing method with double layer bubble sheets to the man concrete subjected to cold weather. Temperature history of the mass concrete indicated that the highest temperature of center section was exhibited at $34^{\circ}C$ while the that of surface section was $25^{\circ}C$. Difference between center and surface was shown to be less $10^{\circ}C$ when the temperature of center section was peak section, and thereby associated temperature cracking index was calculated 1.5, and occurrence probability of temperature cracking was 5%, so there was no temperature cracking caused by internal restraint. No temperature crack was observed by naked eye. It was clear that early frost demage and temperature cracking could be restrained due to reducing temperature difference between inner part and outside in the case double bubble sheets applied to insulation curing method in cold weather. The maturity of mass concrete is higher than outside about $72\sim89^{\circ}$ DD, so it was demonstrated to prevent early frost demage and ensure strength excellently. Insulation curing method with double bubble sheets was more economic than heating curing method.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.7-13
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• 2018

The strength of concrete is affected significantly not only by the internal influence factors of cement, water, sand, aggregate, and admixture, but also by the external influence factors of concrete placement delay and curing temperature. The objective of this research was to predict the concrete strength considering both the internal and external influence factors when concrete is placed at the construction site. In this study, a concrete strength test was conducted on the 24 combinations of internal and external influence factors, and a neural network model was constructed using the test data. This neural network model can predict the concrete strength considering the external influence factors of the concrete placement delay and curing temperature when concrete is placed at the construction site. Contractors can use the concrete strength prediction neural network model to make concrete more robust to external influence factors during concrete placement at a construction site.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.99-110
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• 1997

The study was conducted in order to investigate the basic geotechnical properties of sand-bentonite mixtures with the various bentonite contents. The results obtained are as follows : 1. Optimum moisture content of sand-bentonite mixtures was approximately 17.10~18.52% corresponding to the maximum dry density of 1.58~1 .64gf/$cm^3$. As the bentonite contents and curing peroid increased, both the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of sand-bentonite mixtures increased. 2. The unconfined compressive strength of sand-bentonite mixtures increased as the increase of bentonite content, but it did not change along the curing period. 3. The sand-bentonite mixtures ruptured at 8~15% of the axial strain and the maxi-mum shearing stress was about O.7Okgf/$cm^2$. 4. According to the increase of bentonite content, the cohesion intercept and internal friction of the sand-bentonite mixtures increased slightly in the shear test, while the cohesion intercept increased largely, and the internal friction angle decreased largely in the triaxial test. 5. Both the initial void ratio and swelling of the sand-bentonite mixtures were very low with respect to the consolidation pressure increase. 6. The swelling and shrinkage of sand-bentonite mixtures increased slightly according to the increment of bentonite content.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.659-668
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• 2018

A series of direct shear tests were implemented on three different types of specimens (i.e., clean Perth sand, sand containing 10, 20 and 30% bentonite, sand containing 1, 3 and 5% slag, and sand containing 10, 20 and 30% bentonite with increasing percentages of added slag (1%, 3% and 5%). This paper focuses on the shear stress characteristics of clean sand and sand mixtures. The samples were tested under different three normal stresses (100, 150 and 200 kPa) and three curing periods of no curing time, 7 and 14 days. It was observed that the shear stresses of clean sand and mixtures were increased with increasing normal stresses. In addition, the use of slag has improved the shear strength of the sand-slag mixtures; the shear stresses rose from 128.642 kPa in the clean sand at normal stress of 200 kPa to 146.89 kPa, 154 kPa and 161.14 kPa when sand was mixed with 1%, 3% and 5% slag respectively and tested at the same normal stress. Internal friction angle increased from $32.74^{\circ}$ in the clean sand to $34.87^{\circ}$, $37.12^{\circ}$ and $39.4^{\circ}$ when sand was mixed with 1%, 3% and 5% slag respectively and tested at 100, 150, and 200 kPa normal stresses. The cohesion of sand-bentonite mixtures increased from 3.34 kPa in 10% bentonite to 22.9 kPa, 70.6 kPa when sand was mixed with 20% and 30% bentonite respectively. All the mixtures of clean sand, different bentonite and slag contents showed different behaviour; some mixtures exhibited shear stress more than clean sand whereas others showed less than clean sand. The internal friction angle increased, and cohesion decreased with increasing curing time.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.1001-1004
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• 2008

This study reviewed the results of utilization of insulation heat curing method using double layer bubble sheet in slab concrete and mass concrete in cold weather environment. First of all, when double layer bubble sheets are applied, it was shown that slab concrete was protected from early freezing by remaining between 6 and $10^{\circ}C$ even in case outside temperature drops $10^{\circ}C$ below zero until the 2nd day from piling, and in the case of mass concrete, with the maximum temperature difference between the center and surface less than $6^{\circ}C$, crack occurrence index was close to 2 and no hydration heat crack occurred by internal constraint. The insulation heat preservation curing method using the double bubble sheet applied in this field prevented early freezing owing to stable curing temperature management, deterring concrete strength development delay at low temperature, and obtained the needed strength. Also, it was proven that the method is highly effective and economic for cold weather concrete quality maintenance through curing cost reduction like construction period shortening and labor cost reduction, etc by reducing the process of temporary equipment installation and disassembling.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2024

As materials cure, the internal electrical flow changes, leading to variations in the dielectric constant over time. This study aims to assess the impact of voltage values extracted from time domain reflectometry (TDR) waveforms, measured during the curing of materials, on predicting the dielectric constant. The experiments are conducted over a curing period ranging from 60 to 8640 minutes, with 30 TDR trials. From the measured waveforms, values of V₀, V₁, V₂, V_f, and Δt are deduced. Additionally, curing time is included as an input variable. Groups A and B are distinguished based on the presence or absence of Δt, indicating a physical relationship between Δt and the dielectric constant. The dielectric constant is set as the output variable. The SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) algorithm is applied to the compiled data. The results indicate that Δt and V₁ are the most influential input variables in both Group-A and Group-B. The study also presents the distribution of SHAP values and interacts SHAP values to infer the interrelationships among the input variables. To validate the reliability of these findings, the partial dependence (PD) algorithm is applied to estimate the marginal effects of each input variable, with outcomes closely aligning with those of the SHAP algorithm. This research suggests that understanding the contributions and proportional relationships of each input variable can aid in interpreting the relationships among various material properties.