• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.247-270
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• 1998

The more society has complicated, the more we have met stressful circumstance. And it is found that many physical and mental symptoms induced by stress. Soyosan(SYS) is one of the well-known oriental medicine for the treatment of general syndrome induced by emotional stress. This study was taken to know effects of SYS water extract on immune-depressed mice induced by stress. The results obtained in this study were as follows : 1. SYS inhibited murine weight-loss induced by stress 2. In vivo& in vitro, SYS increased phagocytic activity. 3. SYS enhanced the production of such reactive oxygen intermediates as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide from macrophages. 4. In vitro, SYS little influenced the production of reactive nitrogen intermediates. 5. SYS increased the number of the rosette forming cells of spleen. 6. SYS changed the ratio of helper and suppressor T cells by increasing $CD4^+$ T cells and decreasing $CD8^+$ T cells. 7. SYS increased cytotoxic activity on human lymphoma cell line(K562). 8. SYS increased the plasma level of GH and DHEA. whereas it decreased that of ACTH and cortisol. According to the above results, it might be considered that SYS would be used for immune-depressive disease induced by stress.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.74-81
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• 2011

The fluorene-degrading strain Sphingobacterium sp. KM-02 was isolated from PAHs-contaminated soil near a mineimpacted area by selective enrichment techniques. Fluorene added to the Sphingobacterium sp. KM-02 culture as sole carbon source was 78.4% removed within 120 h. A fluorene degradation pathway is tentatively proposed based on identification of the metabolic intermediates 9-fluorenone, 4-hydroxy-9-fluorenone, and 8-hydroxy-3,4-benzocoumarin. Further the ability of Sphingobacterium sp. KM-02 to bioremediate 100 mg/kg fluorene in soil matrix was examined by composting under laboratory conditions. Treatment of microcosm soil with the strain KM-02 for 20 days resulted in a 65.6% reduction in total amounts. These results demonstrate that Sphingobacterium sp. KM-02 could potentially be used in the bioremediation of fluorene from contaminated soil.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.3-7
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• 2018

Development of extractive metallurgical processes for metal sulfides has become of importance owing to the depletion of oxide ores with rich metal contents. Most of the leaching reactions of metal sulfides is electrochemical reaction and can be classified as $H_2S$, S, and ${SO_4}^{2-}$ evolution type. The acidity of leaching solution and the presence and concentration of an oxidizing agent affect the formation of reaction intermediates containing sulfur. Frost diagram of sulfuroxoanion indicates that the oxoanions with higher oxidation number are more thermodynamically stable in the presence of oxidizing agents.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.48-67
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• 2011

Objectives: There has been a lot of controversy about whether Korean traditional medicines cause drug-induced hepatotoxicity or not. However, this controversy has not been examined from a scientific approach, especially in terms of toxicology. Thus, this article for traditional Korean medicine-induced hepatotoxicity was reviewed on a basis of toxicological assessment. Methods: Toxicological assessments were carried out in a view of reactive intermediates formation from biotransformation in animals based on cytochrome P450 activity inducing oxidative stress, and case reports in world-wide. Results and Conclusions: Several herbal materials used for traditional Korean medicines were identified as possible agents causing drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Most of these agents seem to produce toxic reactive intermediates caused by cytochrome P450. Oxidative stress followed by cytochrome P450 activation could also be a reason for herb-induced hepatotoxicity. Plausible prevention of herb-induced hepatotoxicity was suggested.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.91-93
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• 1996

In connection with our interest on the photochemical properties of heteroaryl halides, which are currently the subject of heterocyclic ring formation and haloarene degradation, we have studied the photochemistry of the haloarene linked to N-heteroarene compounds. Imidazo[5,1-a]isoindole was synthesized from N-(ochlorobenzyl)imidazole or N-(o-bromobenzyl) imidazole in acidic aqueous solution or acetonitrile via the intramolgcular photocyclization (Table 1). This type of reaction provides the synthetic methods for 5- and 6-membered polyheteroatomic heterocyclic ring compounds. However, the reaction mechanism for the intramolecular photocyclization of haloarene tethered heteroarenes has not yet been established. Grimshaw et al. suggested a mechanism for homolyric carbonhalogen bond fission assisted by radical complexation to explain their results in the photocyclization of 5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,3-diphenylpyrazole. They also reported the detection of acyclohexadienyl intermediate involved in the above reaction. Park et al. reported several transient 'intermediates involved in the laser flash photolysis of N-(o-halobenzyl) pyridinium and N-benzyl-2-halopyridinium salts. Thus we performed the laser flash photolysis study on the photocyclization reaction of N-(o-chlorobenzyl) imidazole to identify the intermediate species involved in the reaction. Here, we report on the preliminary results in the photocyclization reaction of N-(o-halobenzyl)imidazole through the detection of reaction intermediates.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 1992

It has known that the intermediates formed in acid reactions occuring during anaerobic reactions for instance, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid have significant effects or the formations of biogases(e. g. mainly CH$_{4}$ and CO$_{2}$). A study on the effects of these intermediates for the formations of biogases, however, is still on initial stage due to the type and structural problems of reactor. The primary objective of this reserch program is to provide a funadmantal mechanism of involved reactions using a modified downflow multistage pecked bed bioreactor. As a first stage of this reaserch program, the following theoretical principles was applied 1. Principle of electroneutrality where the molar concentrations of cation and anion in solution are the same. 2. Relationship between the concentration of bicarbonate anion and pH as follows [HCO$_{3}^{-}$]= $K_{H}P_{T}Y_{CO_{2}}10^{pH-K_{1}}$ Based upon the above two principles, a series of experimental works was conducted to elucidated the relationship between the concentration of CO$_{2}$ and the pH related to the concentrations of cations and anions.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1645-1647
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• 2004

Potential energy surfaces for the reaction Al + $O_2{\to}$AlO + O have been calculated with the multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) method using molecular orbitals derived from the complete active space selfconsistent field (CASSCF) calculations. The end-on geometry is the most favourable for the reaction to take place. The small reaction barrier in the present calculation (0.11 eV) is probably an artefact related to the ionicneutral avoided crossing. The charge analysis implies that the title oxidation reaction occurs through a harpooning mechanism. Along the potential energy surface of the reaction, there are two stable intermediates of $AlO_2(C_{{\infty}v}$ and $C_{2v}$) at least 2.74 eV below the energy of reactants. The calculated enthalpy of the reaction (-0.07 eV) is in excellent agreement with the experimental value (-0.155 eV) in part due to the fortuitous cancellation of errors in AlO and $O_2$ calculations.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.247-253
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• 2007

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a major concern because of their potential mutagenic and carcinogenic risks to human beings. One of these harmful, yet commonly observed PAHs is pyrene. Pyrene is one of the 16 PAHs listed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as priority pollutants. The purposes of this research are to develop a method of pretreatment for PAH contaminants prior to a typical biological treatment and to demonstrate the biodegradablity of these compounds. Since pyrene is non-polar, hexane was chosen as a solvent to effectively dissolve pyrene. Pyrene solutions were treated with ozone, as it has hish oxidation capacity and electrophilic character. The intermediates and byproducts of pyrene were dissolved in alkaline water at pH 11.4 and neutralized to test for $BOD_5$, COD, and toxicity. These solutions were further ozonated and assessed of biodegradability. The first-order rate constant to was found to be between $0.121day^{-1}$ and $0.081 day^{-1}$, depending on the duration of reozonation. The $BOD_5/COD$ ratio was found to 0.66. The toxicity test showed that after 10 min of reozonation time, the byproducts and intermediates of pyrene were within the lion-toxic range of ${\pm}10%$ inhibition for E-Coli bacteria.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.613-619
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• 2003

The polyketide backbone of rifamycin B is assembled by the type I rifamycin polyketide synthase (PKS) encoded by the rifA-rifE genes. In order to produce novel analogs of rifamycin via engineering of the PKS genes, inactivation of the ${\beta}-ketoacyl:acyl$ carrier protein reductase (KR) domain in module 8 of rifD, by site-specific mutagenesis of the NADPH binding site, was attempted. Module 8 contains a nonfunctional dehydratase (DH) domain and a functional KR domain that is involved in the reduction of the ${\beta}-carbonyl$ group, resulting in the C-21 hydroxyl of rifamycin B. This mutant strain produced linear polyketides, from tetraketide to octaketide, which were also produced by a rifD-disruption mutant as a consequence of premature termination of the polyketide assembly. Another attempt to replace the DH domain of module 7, which has been considered nonfunctional, with a functional homolog derived from module 7 of rapamycin-producing PKS also resulted in the production of linear polyketides, including the heptaketide intermediate and its precursors. Premature release of the carbon chain assembly intermediates is an unusual property of the rifamycin PKS. that is not seen in other PKSs such as the erythromycin PKS.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 2018

Biodegradation pathway of dibenzofuran (DBF) of Novosphingobium pentaromativorans US6-1, a high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degrading strain, was investigated via analysis of metabolic intermediates and transcriptome. As a result, 3(2H)-benzofuranone, a basic skeleton of the metabolic intermediates produced by lateral dioxygenation process, was detected as an intermediate. RNA-Seq analysis confirmed that most of the expressed genes upon exposure to DBF were related to the lateral degradation pathway. Based on these results, the biodegradation pathway of DBF by N. pentaromativorans US6-1 was proposed.