• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.21-28
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• 2007

Aim This study was done to investigate whether SPP has inhibitory effects on the activation of RAW 264.7 cells. Method In tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a)/ interleukin-1b (IL-1b) and IL-6, the mRNA expression of molecular indicators related to inflammatory changes of the Reumatoid Arthritis (RA) were examined using quantitative real-time PCR. Results The treatment of SPP significantly suppressed the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6 compared with the control. The expression of NOS-II was considerably reduced, which was accompanied by a reduction in the production of nitric oxide (NO). It also reduced the expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$ in serum of Balb/c mice compared with control group. Conclusion SPP is an effective herbal material for suppressing the inflammation related cytokines of RAW 264.7 cells.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.1297-1302
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• 2007

Uncaria sinensis(OIi.) Havil (USH) is used in traditional Korean medicine to treat inflammation such as amebic dysentery. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of USH. The water extract of USH significantly inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitrite oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-6and IL-12 productions in murine peritoneal macrophages. Furthermore, USH selectively inhibited activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) but not of p38 MAPK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ $(NF-{\kappa}B)$. In murine model, we found that administration of USH reduced serum levels of $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6 and IL-12 productions in LPS-treated mice. Our results suggest that USH exerts ant-inflammatory effects in macrophages via inhibition of ERK activation and may be a useful therapeutic approach to inflammatory diseases.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 2018

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an interleukin-7-like cytokine that is an important trigger and initiator of many allergic diseases. TSLP promotes a T-helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine response that can be pathological. A relationship is formed both at the induction phase of the Th2 response through polarization of dendritic cells to drive Th2 cell differentiation and at the effector phase of the response, by promoting the expansion of activated T cells and their secretion of Th2 cytokines and TSLP. In transgenic mice with TSLP overexpression, it has been reported that TSLP leads to the development of mixed cryoglobulinemic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. In addition, TSLP can play an important role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy and systemic lupus erythematosus-related nephritis. From our knowledge of the role of TSLP in the kidney, further studies including the discovery of new therapies need to be considered based on the relationship between TSLP and glomerulonephritis.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.21-37
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• 2008

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of Palmiboshinwhan (PMBSW) in methotrexate (MTX)-induced immunosuppressed SD rats. Methods: The test articles were once a day dosed for 14 days by gastric gavage from 2 days after last MTX-dosing, and changes in body weight, spleen weight and total blood leukocyte numbers were observed with total lymphocyte numbers, B and T lymphocyte percentages, CD3+CD4+, CD3+/CD8+, CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte percentages in the blood and spleen, the serum interleukin (IL)-2 levels and the productivity of IL-2 of splenic cells. Result & Conclusion: It is concluded that PMBSW has relatively good immunostimulating effect in the MTX-induced immunosuppressed SD rats. Theefficient dosage was considered above 500mg/kg. In addition, it is considered that the immunostimulating effect of PMBSW was mediated to both the B and T lymphocytes. The more favorable effects were detected in T lymphocytes rather than B lymphocytes, and PMBSW showedrelatively good stimulating potential against CD4+ T lymphocytes but not any stimulating effect against CD8+ T lymphocytes in the present study.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.152-165
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• 2008

Purpose: It is the purpose of this study to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanism of cheukbaekjurpihwan(CBJPH) extract on LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-induced inflammatory mediators in murine peritoneal macrophages. Methods: To evaluate anti-inflammatory effects of CBJPH extract, the production of cytokines(TNF-${\alpha}$(tumor necrosis factor-alpha), IL(interleukin)-6, IL-12) and NO(nitric oxide) was measured in vitro and in vivo. And western blot analysis has been done to look into the mechanism. Results: CBJPH extract reduced LPS-induced NO, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6, IL-12 productions in peritoneal macrophages. CBJPH extract inhibited the activation of JNK(c-Jun N-terminal kinase), but didn't inhibit the activation of MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) such as p38, ERK1/2(extracelluar signal-regulated kinase1/2) and the degradation of $I_{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$(inhibitory kappa B-alpha) in the LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages. CBJPH extract suppressed LPS-induced endotoxin shock and the productions of TNF-${\alpha}$, but not of IL-6, after an oral administration of CBJPH extract Conclusion: CBJPH extract suppressed the productions of LPS-induced NO and cytokines by preventing JNK from phosphorylation, which may provide a clinical basis for anti-inflammatory properties of CBJPH.

• CELLMED
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.20.1-20.6
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• 2017

Inflammation has been linked to various diseases. Especially, fatigue is a frequent symptom in several inflammatory disorders. Therefore, blocking inflammatory process is effective in fatigue. We investigated whether Denmark porcine placenta (DPP) alleviates fatigue by inhibiting inflammatory reaction using forced swimming test (FST) animal model and RAW264.7 cells. In FST-induced fatigue animal model, the mice which received the DPP for 21 days showed decreases of interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$ and IL-6 serum levels. Furthermore, our data revealed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ secretion were markedly inhibited by DPP in RAW264.7 cells without inducing cytotoxicity. LPS-enhanced nitric oxide secretion and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression were inhibited by DPP. The present study also figured out that these effects of DPP were mediated by blockade of caspase-1 and nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ activation. Taken together, our results indicated that DPP could be alleviating fatigue as candidate of anti-inflammatory agent.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.321-329
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• 2007

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Yongdamsagantang (YST) on the regulatory mechanism of cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) for the immunological activities in RAW 264.7 cells. After the treatment of YST water extract, cell viability was measured by MTT assay, and NO production was monitored by measuring the nitrite content in culture medium. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and phospholylation of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B alpha ($p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$) were determined by Immunoblot analysis, and levels of cytokine were analyzed by sandwich immunoassays. Results provided evidences that YST inhibited the production of NO. iNOS, and interleukin-6, and the activation of $p-I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ in RAW 264.7 cells activated with lipopolysaccharide. These findings showed that YST could have some anti-inflammatory effects which might play a role in therapy in Gram-negative bacterial infections.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2013

Polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine, are ubiquitous in living cells and are essential for eukaryotic cell growth. These polycations interact with negatively charged molecules such as DNA, RNA, acidic proteins and phospholipids and modulate various cellular functions including macromolecular synthesis. Dysregulation of the polyamine pathway leads to pathological conditions including cancer, inflammation, stroke, renal failure and diabetes. Increase in polyamines and polyamine synthesis enzymes is often associated with tumor growth, and urinary and plasma contents of polyamines and their metabolites have been investigated as diagnostic markers for cancers. Of these, diacetylated derivatives of spermidine and spermine are elevated in the urine of cancer patients and present potential markers for early detection. Enhanced catabolism of cellular polyamines by polyamine oxidases (PAO), spermine oxidase (SMO) or acetylpolyamine oxidase (AcPAO), increases cellular oxidative stress and generates hydrogen peroxide and a reactive toxic metabolite, acrolein, which covalently incorporates into lysine residues of cellular proteins. Levels of protein-conjuagated acrolein (PC-Acro) and polyamine oxidizing enzymes were increased in the locus of brain infarction and in plasma in a mouse model of stroke and also in the plasma of stroke patients. When the combined measurements of PC-Acro, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were evaluated, even silent brain infarction (SBI) was detected with high sensitivity and specificity. Considering that there are no reliable biochemical markers for early stage of stroke, PC-Acro and PAOs present promising markers. Thus the polyamine metabolites in plasma or urine provide useful tools in early diagnosis of cancer and stroke.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.54-73
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• 2012

Objectives: To investigate the scientific evidence of Korean Medicine (KM), papers on Socheongryong-tang (Xiaoqinglong-tang), which is frequently used in medical clinics or hospitals of Korean medicine, were collected and analyzed. Methods: Papers were classified by the registration of domestic or international journals, the year of publication, experimental models and the subjects of biological activities. The mechanisms of biological activity in accordance with therapeutic effects of Socheongryong-tang (Xiaoqinglong-tang) were noted. Results: Among 98 papers included, 21 were published in domestic journals whereas 35 were in Chinese journals and 43 in Japanese journals. Most reported biological activities were amelioration of asthma. Socheongryong-tang (Xiaoqinglong-tang) regulated interleukin and interferon and immunoglobulin, inhibited the production of nerve growth factor, endotheliln-1, nitric oxide, toll-like receptor-4, p-Akt and increased extracellular signal regulated kinase and cyclin D1, which led to decreased bronchi inflammation and bronchoconstriction, and inhibited the proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells, mucus secretion and airway hyperresponsiveness. In addition, Socheongryong-tang (Xiaoqinglong-tang) also restored tissues injured by asthma so that respiratory function recovered. Conclusions: Amelioration of asthma by Socheongryong-tang (Xiaoqinglong-tang) is supported by objective and scientific evidence.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2013

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of therapeutic ultrasound (US) of cell viability and inflammatory cytokine in rat articular chondrocyte cultures stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Design: One group pretest-posttest design. Methods: Cultured chondrocytes were treated with US and/or LPS and assessed for viability, Tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$ and Interleukin (IL)-1 production. Results: Oxidative stress was induced in rat chondrocytes with LPS. The cell viability was decreased in chondrocytes after treatment with LPS. The viability revealed that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) exerted no significant cytotoxicity in the rat chondrocyte. LIPUS inhibited decreased cell viability in the presence of LPS ($30{\mu}g/ml$) in a intensity dependent pattern at LIPUS (p<0.05). $TNF-{\alpha}$ production in the presence of LPS was also inhibited in a dose dependent manner (p<0.05 from $30mW/cm^2$). IL-1 production in the presence of LPS was inhibited as well (p<0.05 from $7.5mW/cm^2$). Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that US was the anti-inflammatory effect of chondrocytes. LIPUS may exert its anti inflammatory effects through inhibition of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-1 synthesis. These results suggest that US have potential for use as a pain relief and reduce the articular destruction.