• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.39-49
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• 2002

The author measured IL-8 and $TGF-{\beta}1$ levels of 84 ears - 48 ears of them had treated by antibiotics, 36 of them by Kamihyunggyeyungyotang(KHY) - of pediatric recurrent otitis media with effusion using ELISA assay, and compared them. The results were obtained as follows. 1. The level of IL-8 in KHY group was significantly lower than that in antibiotics group(p<0.05). 2. The level of $TGF-{\beta}1$ in KHY group was lower than that in antibiotics group. According to above results, KHY is considered to be used for treating recurrent otitis media with effusion by controlling the production of interleukin-8 and transforming $growthfactor-{\beta}1$.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.203-207
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• 2010

This study investigated the effects of Oligonol intake on cortisol, interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6 concentrations in the serum at rest and after physical exercise loading. Nineteen healthy sedentary male volunteers participated in this study. The physical characteristics of the subjects were: a mean height of $174.2{\pm}2.7$ cm, a mean weight of $74.8{\pm}3.6$ kg and a mean age of $22.8{\pm}1.3$ years. Each subject received 0.5 L water with Oligonol (100 mg/day) (n = 10) or a placebo (n = 9) daily for four weeks. The body composition, the white blood cell (WBC) and differential counts as well as the serum cortisol, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6 concentrations were measured before and after Oligonol intake. The cortisol concentration and serum levels of IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 after Oligonol intake were significantly decreased compared to before treatment (P < 0.01, respectively). In addition, the rate of increase of these factors after exercise was decreased compared to the placebo group. There was no change in the WBC and differential cell counts. These results suggest that oral Oligonol intake for four weeks had a significant effect on inhibition of inflammatory markers in healthy young men.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.115-122
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• 2023

Objective: A previous study reported that cardiovascular training (CT) decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pro-inflammatory cytokine with bidirectional effects. However, because of conflicting results of increasing and decreasing IL-6 levels in stroke patients, it is essential to clarify the effects of CT on IL-6 levels in this population. Therefore, this review aimed to investigate the effects of CT on IL-6 levels in stroke patients through a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), synthesizing and analyzing the effects qualitatively and quantitatively. Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Methods: In this review, conducted in April 2023, electronic databases (Web of Science, CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, Google Scholar) were searched to ascertain the effects of CT on IL-6 levels in stroke patients. For qualitative evaluation, ReVMan, provided by the Cochrane Group, was used, and for quantitative evaluation, a random-effects model and SMD (Standardized Mean Difference) were used. Results: Three RCTs measured IL-6 in 117 patients with stroke. The experimental group to which CT was applied showed no significant change compared to the control group.The result of analysis using the random effect model is SMD=-0.23; 95% confidence interval, -0.66 to 0.20. Conclusions: CT does not affect IL-6 levels in stroke patients. These results suggest that CT can be applied regardless of its positive or negative effect on IL-6 levels in stroke patients.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.435-441
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• 2023

Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) may secrete hormones or bioactive neuropeptides such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), which can mask the clinical manifestations of catecholamine hypersecretion. We report the case of a patient with delayed diagnosis of paraganglioma due to the development of IL-6-mediated systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). A 58-year-old woman presented with dyspnea and flank pain accompanied by SIRS and acute cardiac, kidney, and liver injuries. A left paravertebral mass was incidentally observed on abdominal computed tomography (CT). Biochemical tests revealed increased 24-hour urinary metanephrine (2.12 mg/day), plasma norepinephrine (1,588 pg/mL), plasma normetanephrine (2.27 nmol/L), and IL-6 (16.5 pg/mL) levels. ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/CT showed increased uptake of FDG in the left paravertebral mass without metastases. The patient was finally diagnosed with functional paraganglioma crisis. The precipitating factor was unclear, but phendimetrazine tartrate, a norepinephrine-dopamine release drug that the patient regularly took, might have stimulated the paraganglioma. The patient's body temperature and blood pressure were well controlled after alpha-blocker administration, and the retroperitoneal mass was surgically resected successfully. After surgery, the patient's inflammatory, cardiac, renal, and hepatic biomarkers and catecholamine levels improved. In conclusion, our report emphasizes the importance of IL-6-producing PPGLs in the differential diagnosis of SIRS.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.407-419
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• 2002

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall characterized by progressive accumulation of lipids, cells, and extracellular matrix. Matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases(TIMPS) contribute to vascular matrix remodeling in atherosclerosis, and some cytokines may play role in the synthesis or activation of MMPs or TIMPs. Material and Method： We produced experimental atherosclerotic plaques in 9 rabbits by atherogenic hypercholesterol diet for 12 weeks, and 10 other rabbits were used as control group with standard laboratory chow, At that time, 19 rabbits were sacrificed and aorta, coronary arteries and blood specimens were prepared. The expressions of MMP-9, TIMP-2 and interleukin(IL)-18, and the bioactivity of IL-6 were investigated with H&E stain, immunohistochemical stain, immunoblotting(Western blot analysis), and bioassay. Result： Serum cholesterol in the experimental group increased up to 1258$\pm$262 mg/dL(control group： 41$\pm$7 mg/dL). All experimental group showed well-developed atherosclerotic plaques in aorta and coronary artery. The expression of MMP-9 in aorta and coronary artery of the experimental group showed significant increase than that of the control group by immunohistochemistry. Among the experimental group, complicated lesions with intimal rupture or complete luminal occlusion, demonstrated stronger expression of MMP-9. Interestingly, there was no difference in expression of TIMP-2 between the experimental and the control group. These findings were confirmed by Western blot analysis. The bioassay revealed significant up-regulation of serum bioactivity of IL-6 in the experimental group(4819.60$\pm$2021.25 IU/$m\ell$) compared to that of IL-6 in the control group(27.20 $\pm$ 12.19 IU/$m\ell$). IL-18 was expressed in all atherosclerotic plaques, whereas little or no expression was detected in the control group. Conclusion： The increased MMP-9 expression along with the unchanged TIMP-2 expression seem to be contributory factors in extracellular matrix degradation in atherosclerosis. Focal overexpression of MMP-9 may promote plaque destabilization and cause complications of atherosclerotic plaques such as thrombosis with/without acute coronary syndrome. Elevation of IL-6 and IL-18 may be more than just markers of atherosclerosis but actual participants in lesion development. Identification of critical regulatory pathway is important to improve the understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of atherosclerosis and may open the way for novel therapeutic strategies.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.207-219
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• 2004

Objectives : We investigated to find the relationship between single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of IL4R, IL-10 and bee venom therapy efficacy in patients with RA treated with bee venom for 8 weeks. Methods : Korean RA patients (n=114) and healthy subjects (n=109) were included in this prospective study. Korean bee venom was dissolved in saline (diluted 1:3000) and administrated into acupuncture points. Bee venom therapy was applied twice a week and continued for 8 weeks. The clinical response was evaluated using various assessments before and after treatment. Disease severity was measured by determining the number of tender joints and swollen joints. Laboratory studies included ESR, CRP, and rheumatoid factor. Genotyping for IL-4R and IL-10 polymorphism was done by pyrosequencing analysis. Results : 1. In IL4R genotypes, there was significant difference between RA ptitients tind controls group. 2. In IL4R genotypes, there was significant difference among Good, Mild and Bad responders to in RA patients, but in the frequency of alleles and carriers, there were no significant difference. 3. There was no significant difference between RA patients and controls group in IL-10 gene genotypes. 4. In IL-10 genotypes, there was no significant difference among Good, Mild and Bad responders to in RA patients. 5. There was no significant difference in the improvement of ESR, CRP and KHAQ scores after bee venom therapy in RA patients among the IL4R or IL-10 genotypes. Conclusions : In IL-4R genotypes, there was significant difference between RA patients and control group, and among Good, Mild and Bad responders in RA patients. However, in IL-10 genotypes, there was no significant difference between RA patients and controls group and among Good, Mild and Bad responders in RA patients.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.221-246
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• 2004

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Kamikwiryongtang (KKT) on the immune response and growth in a young mouse (3 weeks mice). Methods The viability of thymocytes and splenocytes in vivo and in vitro system, the population of helper T (Th) cells and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells in thymocytes and increased the population of T-lymphocytes and the population of Th cells in splenocytes, the production of ${\gamma}$ -interferon, interleukin-2 and interleukin-4 in splenocytes was investigated. KKT (500mg/kg) was administerd p.o. once a day for 7 days. Results: KKT increased the viability of thymocytes and splenocytes in vivo, but did not affect the viability of thymocytes and enhanced the viability of splenocytes in vitro system. In addition, KKT did not affect the population of helper T (Th) cells and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells in thymocytes and increased the population of T -lymphocytes and the population of Th cells in splenocytes. Also, KKT increased the production of ${\gamma}$-interferon, interleukin-2 and interleukin-4 in splenocytes. Furthermore, KKT increased the production of nitric oxide in vivo, but did not affect the production of nitric oxide in vitro system. KKT enhanced the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages in vivo, but decreased the phagocytic activity in vitro system: KKT increased the body weight of a young mouse. Conclusions: KKT stimulates the specific immune response via increase of, the viability of thymocytes and splenocytes and the non-specific immune response via increase of phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages and stimulates the growth of a young mouse.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 1998

Interleukin-10(IL-10) inhibits production of a wide range of cytokines in various cell types and transcriptionally inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of proinflammatory mediators. Cytokine expression by macrophages is an important aspect to ochestrate inflammatory responses. As an approach to identify mechanistic targets of IL-10, it was examined the time course for expression of KC(murine homologue of Gro) gene in murine peritoneal macrophages stimulated with LPS with or without IL-10. The effect of IL-10 on LPS induced KC mRNA expression was delayed and only seen after 1 hour treatment. Pretreatment with IL-10 did not eliminate the delayed inhibitory response nor increase the magnitude of suppression. These effects did not depend upon time of IL-10 treatment but the time of LPS treatment. LPS-induced KC mRNA expression by inhibitory action of IL-10 was not controlled at the level of transcription. The result indicates that IL-10 acts late in the process of KC gene expression and that the prominant site of action may be mRNA stability or translation.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.99-107
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• 2022

Silkworm pupal extracts (SPE) were prepared in different solvents (water, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% ethanol) and their anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated in the RAW264.7 cell line. The SPE composition was initially evaluated by determining the protein content and performing Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The protein content of the different SPE ranged from 6.75-130.93 mg/g of extract. FTIR analysis exhibited distinguishable absorption peaks among the extracts and indicated the presence of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid moieties. The levels of released nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells were only attenuated by 100% ethanolic SPE to 19.44% and 16.77%, respectively. The other solvent extracts were ineffective. Hence, further studies were conducted with 100% ethanolic SPE from three distinct stages of male and female silkworm pupae belonging to four silkworm varieties (Baegokjam; B, GoldenSilk; G, Juhwangjam; J, and YeonNokjam; Y). The best reduction in NO release and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression levels was achieved by the SPE of early female pupae belonging to the Baegokjam variety (32.72%) and those of early female pupae belonging to the Baegokjam and GoldenSilk (59.93%) varieties, respectively. The best reduction in IL-6 expression by 49.70% was achieved by SPE from female pupae of the mid-pupal stage belonging to the Baegokjam variety.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.60-66
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• 2023

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent degenerative joint diseases and is more common in older and obese individuals. Silkworm male pupae exerts tonic effects by increasing testosterone secretion and the forced swimming time and muscle ratio increased in mice consuming silkworm pupae, which may be beneficial to the older population. Therefore, it will be beneficial to investigate the effects of silkworm pupal extracts (SPE) on OA. To confirm this effect, we prepared SPE in different solvents, and their ability to attenuate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and inflammatory mediators (interleukin-6 [IL-6], interleukin-8 [IL-8] and tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]) were evaluated in an interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced SW1353 human chondrosarcoma cell line. 70% ethanolic SPE outperformed the other solvents, reducing MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression by up to 53% and 13%, respectively. Further experiments were performed using 70% ethanolic SPE from three distinct pupation stages in males and females. SPE treatment alleviated MMP-1 expression (43.9-47.4%) regardless of pupation stage and sex. Among the inflammatory mediators, 70% ethanolic SPE alleviated IL-6 and TNF-α levels, and the concentrations thereof were lowest in the early-stage male SPE-treated group (43.15% and 56.74%, respectively). In conclusion, 70% ethanolic SPE may prevent IL-1β-induced osteoarthritis by inhibiting MMPs and inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, SPE is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of OA.