• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.462-462
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• 2014

The effect of rear passivation for passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) using ozone and H2O oxidant of atomic layer deposited (ALD) Al2O3 was studied by post-annealing in N2 and forming gas ambients. Rear surface of PERC solar cell was passivated by Al2O3 grown by ALD with ozone and H2O oxidant. Al2O3 grown by ALD with ozone oxidant has been known to have many advantages, such as lower interface defects, low leakage current density. Its passivation quality is better than Al2O3 with H2O. Al2O3 layer with 10 nm and 20 nm thickness was grown at $150^{\circ}C$ with ozone oxidant and at $250^{\circ}C$ with H2O oxidant. And then each samples were post-annealled at $450^{\circ}C$ in N2 ambients and at $850^{\circ}C$ in forming gas ambients. The passivation quality was investigated by measuring the minority carrier lifetime respectively. We examined atomic layer deposited Al2O3 such as growth rate, film density, thickness, negative fixed charge density at AlOx/Si interface, and reflectance. The influences of process temperature and heat treatment were investigated using Sinton (WCT-120) by Quasi-Steady State Photoconductance (QSSPC) mode. Ozone-based ALD Al2O3 film shows the best carrier lifetime at lower deposition temperature than H2O-based ALD.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:시스템및이론
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.371-379
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• 2009

기존의 센서노드 운영체제들은 응용프로그램에 대한 센서추상화를 지원하지 못한다. 따라서 응용이 센서를 위한 하드웨어, 디바이스 드라이버 등을 직접 개발해야 하는 부담을 갖는다. 본 논문에서는 센서추상화를 지원하는 운영체제 구조를 제시한다. 제안된 운영체제는 추상화된 센서 HW 인터페이스 기반의 HAL을 제공하고 센서 접근을 위한 추상화된 API를 제공한다. 센서제작자는 HAL을 이용하여 센서디바이스 드라이버를 작성한다. 응용프로그래머는 센서 API를 이용하여 응용을 작성한다. 이러한 개발방식은 응용프로그래머의 부담을 크게 줄여서 USN 응용 개발을 활성화할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 첫째로, 센서장착을 용이하게 하는 표준화된 센서 HW 인터페이스를 정의하였다. 둘째로, 센서를 추상화한 센서접근 API를 제공하였다. 셋째로, 센서 디바이스 드라이버를 작성할 때 활용될 HAL 라이브러리를 정의하였다. 예제 응용 프로그램을 작성하여 본 논문에서 제안한 센서노드 운영체제가 센서 추상화를 성공적으로 지원하는 것을 보였다.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.87-96
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• 2018

Purpose: The present study aimed to evaluate which of the following imaging methods best assessed misfit at the tooth-restoration interface: (1) bitewing radiographs, both conventional and digital, performed using a photostimulable phosphor plate (PSP) and a charge-coupled device (CCD) system; (2) panoramic radiographs, both conventional and digital; and (3) cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: Forty healthy human molars with class I cavities were selected and divided into 4 groups according to the restoration that was applied: composite resin, composite resin with liner material to simulate misfit, dental amalgam, and dental amalgam with liner material to simulate misfit. Radiography and tomography were performed using the various imaging methods, and the resulting images were analyzed by 2 calibrated radiologists. The true presence or absence of misfit corresponding to an area of radiolucency in regions subjacent to the esthetic and metal restorations was validated with microscopy. The data were analyzed using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the scores were compared using the Cohen kappa coefficient. Results: For bitewing images, the digital systems (CCD and PSP) showed a higher area under the ROC curve (AUROC) for the evaluation of resin restorations, while the conventional images exhibited a larger AUROC for the evaluation of amalgam restorations. Conventional and digital panoramic radiographs did not yield good results for the evaluation of resin and amalgam restorations (P<.05). CBCT images exhibited good results for resin restorations(P>.05), but showed no discriminatory ability for amalgam restorations(P<.05). Conclusion: Bitewing radiographs (conventional or digital) should be the method of choice when assessing dental restoration misfit.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1993년도 하계학술대회 논문집 B
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• pp.1295-1297
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• 1993

Properties of oxynitride films oxidized by $N_2O$ gas after thermal oxidation and $N_2O$ oxide films directly oxidized using $N_2O$ gas on the bare silicon wafer have been studied. Through the AES analysis, Nitrogen pile-up at the interface of Si/oxynitride and Si/$N_2O$ oxide has observed. Also, it could be presumed that there are differences in the mechanism of the growth of film by observing film growth. $N_2O$ oxide and oxynitride films have the self-limited characteristics. Therefore, it will be possible to obtain ultra-thin films. Nitrogen pile-up at the interfaces Si/oxynitride and Si/$N_2O$ oxide strengthens film structure and improves dielectric reliability. Although fixed charge densities and interface trap densities of $N_2O$ oxide and oxynitride films has somewhat higher than those of thermal $SiO_2,\;N_2O$ oxide and oxynitride films showed improved I-V characteristics and constant current stress.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제45회 하계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.75.2-75.2
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• 2013

Atomic layer deposition (ALD), utilizing self-limiting surface reactions, could offer promising perspectives for future efficient energy conversion devices. The capabilities of ALD for surface/interface modification and construction of novel architectures with sub-nanometer precision and exceptional conformality over high aspect ratio make it more valuable than any other deposition methods in nanoscale science and technology. In the context, a variety of researches on fabrication of active materials for energy conversion applications by ALD are emerging. Among those materials, one-dimensional nanotubular titanium dioxide, providing not only high specific surface area but also efficient carrier transport pathway, is a class of the most intensively explored materials for energy conversion systems, such as photovoltaic cells and photo/electrochemical devices. The monodisperse, stoichiometric, anatase, TiO2 nanotubes with smooth surface morphology and controlled wall thickness were fabricated via low-temperature template-directed ALD followed by subsequent annealing. The ALD-grown, anatase, TiO2 nanotubes in alumina template show unusual crystal growth behavior which allows to form remarkably large grains along axial direction over certain wall thickness. We also fabricated dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) introducing our anatase TiO2 nanotubes as photoanodes, and studied the effect of blocking layer, TiO2 thin films formed by ALD, on overall device efficiency. The photon convertsion efficiency ~7% were measured for our TiO2 nanotubebased DSCs with blocking layers, which is ~1% higher than ones without blocking layer. We also performed open circuit voltage decay measurement to estimate recombination rate in our cells, which is 3 times longer than conventional nanoparticulate photoanodes. The high efficiency of our ALD-grown, anatase, TiO2 nanotube-based DSCs may be attributed to both enhanced charge transport property of our TiO2 nanotubes photoanode and the suppression of recombination at the interface between transparent conducting electrode and iodine electrolytes by blocking layer.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.2023-2035
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• 1996

In the present study, the characteristics of the electrical deformation of a bubble and a drop under a uniform electric field have been investigated to understand EHD heat transfer enhancement by an electric field. The deformation of the bubble and the drop have been studied theoretically using an electric normal stress acting on their interfaces and assured by the numerical analysis and the experiment. From the variation of bubble volume and free energy, it is found that a bubble is compressed in an electric field and free energy had larger value with increasing W and the permittivity of a dielectric fluid. The electric normal stress induced on the interface of the bubble and the drop is different. Because of the surface charge induced at the drop interface, the electric normal stress acting on the drop is much larger than that of the bubble. The drop is, therefore, deformed much more than the bubble. In addition, the experimental and numerical results show that the aspect ratio and the contact angle of the bubble increase with increasing W.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.500-508
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• 2008

의료정보는 의료기관간의 호환을 위해서 텍스트 기반정보를 위한 HL7과 영상정보를 위한 DICOM과 같은 표준프로토콜로 구축되어야 한다. 하지만 각 의료기관에서 소유하고 있는 장비 및 개발된 정보시스템이 동일하지 않고 자료의 형태 및 사용하는 코드체계가 상이하여 의료기관간에 자료를 교환하고자 할 때는 상당한 어려움이 초래된다. 따라서 의료기관간 효율적으로 정보를 공유하고 교환하기 위해서는 먼저 DICOM 파일의 특성을 분석하고 이를 기초로 한 통합 데이터베이스를 설계해야한다. 본 논문에서 제안한 WISD(Web Interface System based DICOM) 시스템은 각 의료기관에서 전송 받은 DICOM 파일을 의료정보와 영상정보로 분리하고, 표준화된 형식으로 통합데이터베이스에 저장하며, 웹브라우저를 통해 정보의 검색 및 교환을 가능하게 한다. 본 논문에서 구현한 WISD 시스템은 통합데이터베이스와 인터넷을 통해 의료영상과 환자정보를 검색 및 관리할 수 있기 때문에 별도의 시스템도입 및 비용 없이 의료기관간 효율적인 공유를 할 수 있다.

• 접착 및 계면
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.153-157
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• 2021

이차원 탄소 동소체인 그래핀은 기존 재료보다 우수한 기계적, 전기적 특성을 지니고 있다. 특히, 그래핀의 전하이동도는 실리콘 대비 100배가량 높다고 알려져 차세대 전자소자의 핵심재료로 각광을 받고 있다. 하지만, 그래핀은 외부 환경의 변화에 매우 민감하여 수분 혹은 산소에 취약하여 그래핀 기반 전자소자의 안정성이 취약하다는 단점이 존재하기에 이를 해결하기 위해 다양한 시도가 이뤄지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 그래핀 전계효과 트랜지스터의 절연막을 전사시에 사용되는 고분자 층의 표면 에너지를 조절하여 안정성을 크게 향상시키는 연구를 수행하였다. 절연층으로 쓰인 고분자의 표면 에너지가 낮아짐에 따라 물 분자 혹은 산소와 같은 대기중의 불순물 흡착을 효과적으로 제어함으로써, 안정성을 향상시킬 수 있었다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2016년도 제50회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.417-417
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• 2016

Global environmental deterioration has become more serious year by year and thus scientific interests in the renewable energy as environmental technology and replacement of fossil fuels have grown exponentially. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell consisting of semiconductor photoelectrodes that can harvest light and use this energy directly to split water, also known as photoelectrolysis or solar water splitting, is a promising renewable energy technology to produce hydrogen for uses in the future hydrogen economy. A major advantage of PEC systems is that they involve relatively simple processes steps as compared to many other H2 production systems. Until now, a number of materials including TiO2, WO3, Fe2O3, and BiVO4 were exploited as the photoelectrode. However, the PEC performance of these single absorber materials is limited due to their large charge recombinations in bulk, interface and surface, leading low charge separation/transport efficiencies. Recently, coupling of two materials, e.g., BiVO4/WO3, Fe2O3/WO3 and CuWO4/WO3, to form a type II heterojunction has been demonstrated to be a viable means to improve the PEC performance by enhancing the charge separation and transport efficiencies. In this study, we have prepared a triple-layer heterojunction BiVO4/WO3/SnO2 photoelectrode that shows a comparable PEC performance with previously reported best-performing nanostructured BiVO4/WO3 heterojunction photoelectrode via a facile solution method. Interestingly, we found that the incorporation of SnO2 nanoparticles layer in between WO3 and FTO largely promotes electron transport and thus minimizes interfacial recombination. The impact of the SnO2 interfacial layer was investigated in detail by TEM, hall measurement and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. In addition, our planar-structured triple-layer photoelectrode shows a relatively high transmittance due to its low thickness (~300 nm), which benefits to couple with a solar cell to form a tandem PEC device. The overall PEC performance, especially the photocurrent onset potential (Vonset), were further improved by a reactive-ion etching (RIE) surface etching and electrocatalyst (CoOx) deposition.

• 공업화학
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.377-382
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• 1998

본 연구는 낮은 활성으로 활용성이 제한된 ${\gamma$-알루미나의 이용을 높이기 위하여 표면을 처리한 알루미나의 계면전기적 특성과 표면활성간의 상관성을 규명하기 위하여 수행되었다. 질산알루미늄을 출발 물질로 하고 암모니아수를 침전제로 사용하여 제조한 알루미나와 황산, 질산, 염산으로 표면 처리한 알루미나를 질량이동법과 site-binding theory를 이용하여 영점전하점을 측정하였다. Amine Titration법과 Hammett 지시약법으로 표면활성점을 구하였다. 전해질에 분산된 알루미나의 계면특성은 전위차적정방법에 의하여 측정된 표면 전하밀도값을 이용하여 분석하였다. 표면전하밀도와 산량의 결과를 이용하여 얻은 ${\gamma$-알루미나의 표면특성과 계면전기적 특성의 상관성은 다음과 같다. 표면을 처리하지 않은 알루미나는 $H_o{\leq}+9.3$인 조건에서 소성온도가 증가함에 따라 산도는 감소한다. 표면처리한 알루미나는 표면을 처리하는 데 사용한 음이온의 농도가 증가하면 표면 이온화상수와 영점전하점은 감소한다. 표면을 처리한 알루미나의 표면전하밀도와 산량은 $H_o{\leq}+4.8$인 조건에서 다음과 같은 상관관계를 갖는다. $SO_4^2-/Al_2O_3:Q_A=-0.172ln(0.0418{\sigma}+1.448)$ $NO_3^-/Al_2O_3:Q_A=-0.024{\sigma}-0.0189$ $Cl^-/Al_2O_3:Q_A=-0.01{\sigma}-0.2006$.