• Asian Journal of Business Environment
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.19-23
• /
• 2012

The economic exchanges have become increasingly frequent between China and Korea and the average annual growth rate of the total trade volume has increased by 30% since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries. With the rapid economic growth and industrial upgrading of China, there are changes in the investment of Korea in China and domestic demand of China, and the trade structure of Sino- Korea has changed a lot in recent years. The changes have mainly manifested in the following aspects, including the increased proportion of high-tech products, raw materials and the intra-industry trade, the decreased proportion of consumer goods, the inter-industry trade and the trade deficit of China. With the development of the situation of international economy, the scale of Korea and China trade will continue to expand and the structure of Korea and China trade will also keep on changing in the long run.

• 아동학회지
• /
• 제37권6호
• /
• pp.35-56
• /
• 2016

Objective: This study aimed to develop and validate the Childcare Adaptation Scale for Infants and Toddlers (CASIT), which is rated by teachers of Korean children. Methods: The participants consisted of 326 childcare teachers working with infants (ages 0-2 years). Content validity, discriminant validity, convergent validity, concurrent validity, internal consistency, inter-rater reliability, and item discrimination were examined using PASW 18.0 and AMOS 19.0. Results: The results of an exploratory factor analysis identified the 29-item scale and six dimensions of the scale, including group life adaptation, negative behaviors, positive affect, regular routines, activity/interest, and peer interaction. Convergent validity was examined via confirmatory factor analysis, average variation extracted (AVE), and construct reliability, and acceptable evidences of convergent validity was established. The scales were shown to be highly consistent internally and among raters. Also, the mean between the upper group and lower group of each item regarding item discrimination showed a significant difference. Conclusion: It was concluded that the CASIT, which is a quick and convenient tool for teachers to use, is a valid and reliable instrument.

• 대한한의학회지
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.48-83
• /
• 1996

Our conclusions for function evaluation tools of Stroke patients are as follows. 1. Evaluating tools of Activities of Daily Living, Katz Index, Barthel Index, Modified Barthel Index have high validity and reliability because of ease of measuring, high accuracy, consistency, sensitivity and sufficient stastistics, but they mainly measure motor function except sense, mentation, language, and social conception. Therefore cerebrovascular disease and brain injury in trauma patients with lacked acknowledgement and sensation, we are not able to apply these tools. 2. PULSES Profile is a useful scale for measuring the patient's over-all status, upper and lower limb functions, sensory components, excretary functions, and intellectual and emotional adaptabilities. It is recognized as a good, useful tool to evaluate patient's whole function. 3. Motor Assessment Scale was designed to measure the progress of stroke patients. The scale was supplemented with upper arm function items. We believe that the Motor Assessment Scale could be a useful evaluation tool with inter-rater reliability ,test-retest reliability. 4. The existing evaluation tools, Katz Index, Barthel Index, Modified Barthel Index, PULSES Profile, Motor Assessment Scale, mainly measured the rehabilitational motor function of sequela of cerebrovascular patients. On the other hand CNS & INH stroke scale can measure cerebrovascular disease patient's neurologic deficits and over-all stautus, which are recognition ability, speech status, motor function, sensory function, activities of daily living. Those scales have been recognized as useful tools to measure function of cerebrovascular disease patients and have increased in use. 5. Every function evaluation tool was recognized to have some validity and inter-rater, test-retest reliability in items of each evaluation tool and total scores of each evaluation tools, but it is thought that none of these scales have been fully validated and proved reliable. Therefore afterward, the development of a highly reliable rating system may best be accomplished by a careful comparison of several tools, using the same patients and the same observers in order to choose the most reliable items from each. 6. Ideal evaluation tools must have the following conditions; (1) It should show the objective functional statues at the same time. (2) It should be repeated consecutively to know changed function status. (3) It should be easy to observe the treatment program. (4) It should have the same result with another rater to help rater exchange information with treatment team members. (5) It should be practical and simple. (6) The patient should not suffer from the observer.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제35권4호
• /
• pp.359-374
• /
• 2002

Objectives : To develop a physical functioning instrument for older adults living in the community. Methods : A representative sample of 979 people aged 65 years or over were interviewed in-person. Of these, 199 people also completed a detailed in-hospital examination. The scale items were selected based on the frequency of endorsement, along with the item-total and inter-item correlations. The associations of the scale with their physical performance and clinical examination were analyzed to evaluate the criterion-related validity. Construct validity was assessed using factor analysis, and internal consistency through Cronbach's alpha and item-total correlations. Test-retest reliability was measured by agreement between the household survey and the repeat survey at the in-hospital examination. Results : Initially, 23 items on the level of difficulty, ranging from no difficulty to an inability to complete a task, with the specific mobility and self-care tasks were included. Those with a high frequency of endorsement and a low inter-item or item-total correlations were excluded, resulting in a 10-item Physical Functioning (PT) scale. Equal weights were given to each item and a summated score was calculated. Significant associations were found between the PF scores and the physical performance, surrey and clinical data. The scale revealed a 2-factor (mobility and self-care) structure. Cronbach's alpha was 0.92 and the item-total correlations were in the 0.63 to 0.78 range. Pearson's correlations for the test-retest ranged between 0.56 and 0.61. Conclusions : The newly developed Physical Functioning (PF) scale showed good psychometric properties in older people. Further work, however, is needed to improve its sensitivity to discriminate higher levels of functioning, in addition to assessing its predictive value in detecting changes in health.

• 한국융합학회논문지
• /
• 제11권11호
• /
• pp.443-450
• /
• 2020

본 연구는 구강점막욕창의 시각적 감별도구에 대한 신뢰성을 평가하기 위한 연구이다. 연구의 절차는 개발단계와 평가단계로, 개발단계에서는 자료수집, 자문단의 타당도와 신뢰도 평가, 최종도구개발이 수행되었으며, 평가단계에서 대상자들에게 9장의 사진도구를 평가하게 하였다. 세 군에서 측정자 간 신뢰도를 구한 결과, 상처 전문간호사군에서는 Krippendorff's alpha 가 .75이었고, 중환자 전문간호사군에서는 .70이었다. 치과의사군에서의 Cohen's weighted kappa값은 .78 로 나타났다. 측정자 내 신뢰도를 살펴본 결과, 중환자실 일반간호사군들의 intra-rater reliability는 .73으로 나타났다. 신뢰도가 입증된 9장의 사진은 실제 중환자실과 같은 구강점막욕창 위험을 가진 환자를 돌보는 임상환경에서 교육용으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.29-34
• /
• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to systematically analyze the reliability and validity of Korean versions of mobility and gait assessment tools for patients with stroke. Methods: Two reviewers conducted an independent literature search and systematically reviewed the literature. Literature published until June of 2017 was searched using search engines for electronic databases. The 2 reviewers reviewed the title and abstract of each article. Among the articles examined, we read the full text of those judged to be suitable for our study. We classified the selected data into research methods and results. The determination was made through mutual agreement. Results: The reviewers selected 5 articles related to the purpose of this study. The DGI was found to be moderately associated with BBS, 10MWT, and TUG in intra-rater reliability (ICC=0.92), inter-rater reliability (ICC=0.88), and concurrent validity tests. The FGA demonstrated a high level of reliability with intra-rater (ICC=0.92-0.95) and inter-rater reliability (ICC=0.91, 0.95). The intra-rater reliability of the RMI was high at ICC=0.98. Its concurrent validity showed a high association with STREAM and BI. The intra-rater reliability of the MAS was ICC=0.75-0.99. Its inter-rater reliability was very high, exceeding 0.99. The inter-rater reliability of the Tinetti-gait Scale was ICC=0.91, and its concurrent validity was moderately associated with the DGI, 10WMT, OLST, FM-L/E, and STS. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that the reliability and validity of the Korean versions of the mobility and gait assessment tools were high.

• 한국통신학회논문지
• /
• 제34권10B호
• /
• pp.964-972
• /
• 2009

무선 메쉬 네트워크(Wireless Mesh Network, WMN)는 다중 인터페이스와 다중 채널을 지원함으로써 기존의 무선 네트워크에서 발생되는 여러 문제점을 해결할 수 있는 핵심적인 미래기술로 대두되고 있다. WMN에서 다중 채널의 사용은 무선 네트워크 노드들이 사용하는 대역폭을 본질적으로 증가시켜준다. 그러나 이러한 대역폭을 충분히 사용하기 위해서는 다중 채널 환경에서 발생할 수 있는 채널 간 간섭을 최소화하는 채널 할당 기법이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 WMN의 성능 향상을 위하여 클러스터링 기반의 최소 간섭 채널 할당(Minimum Interference Channel Assignment, MI-CA) 알고리즘을 제안한다. MI-CA 알고리즘은 클러스터 간의 Inter-Cluster 채널 할당과 클러스터 내부의 Intra-Cluster 채널 할당으로 구성된다. Inter-Cluster 채널 할당에서는 전체 WMN을 위한 베어본 채널을 MST(Minimum Spanning Tree) 기반으로 클러스터 헤더와 보더 노드에 할당하고, Intra-Cluster 채널 할당에서는 클러스터 멤버들 간에 직교채널을 재 할당함으로써 간섭을 최소화 한다. 시뮬레이션 결과 본 논문에서 제안한 MI-CA 알고리즘이 채널 간섭을 최소화함으로써 WMNs의 성능을 향상시킬 수 있음을 입증하였다.

• 대한이식학회지
• /
• 제31권4호
• /
• pp.170-176
• /
• 2017

We need to establish an informative guideline to increase inter-institutional and inter-observer reproducibility of renal transplant diagnosis, and to improve the diagnostic ability of pathologists in Korea. A first nation-wide survey for renal transplant pathology was conducted by Renal Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists in 2016, to provide the continued excellence in the transplantation pathology laboratory, and to improve the diagnostic ability for the best treatment of transplant patients. This survey revealed the significant variations in scale, work load and biopsy indications for the renal transplant pathology in various institutions in Korea. The Banff classification were used by all institutions for the diagnosis of renal transplant pathology, but different formats were used: most institutions (70%) used the "2013 Banff classification" while the others were using "2007 Banff classification" (20%) or even older formats. In daily diagnostic practice of the renal allografts, difficulties that pathologists encounter were quite diverse due to different environments they work in. Most respondents agreed that standardized diagnostic practice guidelines, regular education on renal transplant pathology and convenient ways of consultation are further needed. We are currently working toward the enhancement of the expertise of renal pathologists and to increase inter-institutional and inter-observer reproducibility by 1) development of a set of virtual slides of renal allograft biopsies for the training, 2) validation and gathering expert's consensus on the core variables of rejection diagnosis by using virtual slides, and 3) continued education by the developed virtual slide atlas.

• 공학교육연구
• /
• 제18권3호
• /
• pp.46-58
• /
• 2015

고등학생의 공학적 소양 함양을 위해 대학의 인적 물적 인프라를 활용한 비정규 공학교육프로그램을 개발하여 그 적용 효과를 분석하였다. 스마트 농업 기술인 식물공장을 주제로 선정하여 공학설계 및 팀 내 팀 간 활동 중심의 공학 캠프 프로그램을 기획하여, 대학의 첨단 강의실을 이용하여 38명의 고등학생에게 적용하였다. 참가학생들은 생물공학, 정보통신공학, 에너지공학, 기계공학 및 건축공학 등 5가지 식물공장 요소 기술 중심으로 팀 내 활동과 팀 간 협력을 통해 '교정에 식물공장 세우기'라는 최종 미션을 수행하였다. 또한, 각 팀 활동은 8단계로 구성된 공학설계과정(문제와 필요 확인하기, 기준과 제한조건 확인하기, 가능한 해결책 찾기, 최선의 해결책 선택, 시작품 제작, 시험과 해결책 평가하기, 해결책에 대한 의사소통, 재설계 및 설계 수정하기)으로 진행되었다. 만족도를 설문조사를 통해 조사한 결과, 공학설계 내용에 대한 만족도는 5점 만점에 4.38점 이었고, 창의적 활동 및 탐구방법의 합리성/체계성에 대한 평균 만족도는 4.43점 이었다. 참가학생의 94%가 팀워크에 만족한다고 답변하였고, 대학(원)생들이 제공한 진로 멘토링 활동에 대해서도 참가학생의 92%가 만족하였다. 이러한 결과는 공학설계과정 및 팀 내 및 팀 간 협업을 기반한 공학 교육 프로그램은 참가 학생들의 창의성, 문제해결능력, 협동심, 의사소통 능력과 같은 공학적 소양을 함양하고 공학에 대한 관심을 높이는데 기여함을 시사한다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• 제46권4호
• /
• pp.359-364
• /
• 2019

Background Few scales are currently available to evaluate changes in hand volume. We aimed to develop a hand grading scale for quantitative assessments of dorsal hand volume with additional consideration of changes in skin texture; to validate and prove the precision and reproducibility of the new scale; and to demonstrate the presence of clinically significant differences between grades on the scale. Methods Five experienced plastic surgeons developed the Hand Volume Rating Scale (HVRS) and rated 91 images. Another five plastic surgeons validated the scale using 50 randomly selected images. Intra- and inter-rater agreement was calculated using the weighted kappa statistic and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Paired images were also evaluated to verify whether the scale reflected clinical differences. Results The intra-rater agreement was 0.95 (95% confidence interval, 0.922-0.974). The interrater ICCs were excellent (first rating, 0.94; second rating, 0.94). Image pairs that differed by 1, 2, and 3 grades were considered to contain clinically relevant differences in 80%, 100%, and 100% of cases, respectively, while 84% of image pairs of the same grade were found not to show clinically relevant differences. This confirmed that the scale of the HVRS corresponded to clinically relevant distinctions. Conclusions The scale was proven to be precise, reproducible, and reflective of clinical differences.