• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.456-464
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to compare the quantitative and qualitative assessment of dietary intake between patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and healthy subjects and to investigate dietary factors related to MetS. Anthropometric measurements, blood analysis, and dietary intake as assessed by 24-hour recall were conducted in MetS patients (n=15) and healthy subjects (n=25). In order to assess the quantity and quality of dietary intake, daily nutrient intake, nutrient density, nutrient intake to dietary reference intake (DRI), nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), food intake, dietary diversity score (DDS), and dietary variety score (DVS) were analyzed. The statistical differences between MetS patients and controls were analyzed using the SAS software program. Daily energy intake and food intake were not significantly different between the two groups (2,154.3 kcal vs. 1,872.9 kcal; 1,280.0 g vs. 1,261.6 g). There were also no significant differences in daily nutrient intake, nutrient intake ratio to DRI, NAR, or DVS between the MetS group and the control group. However, daily intake of eggs and milk in MetS patients was significantly lower than in the control group (9.0 g/day vs. 30.3 g/day, p<0.05; 0 g/day vs. 49.7 g/day, p<0.05). These results indicate that low intake of eggs and dairy products may be related to the development of MetS.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.765-772
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• 2001

To delineate the relationship between the nutrient intake from diet and the serum biochemical markers of bone metabolism, 56 postmenopausal women of 50 to 77 years of age were recruited. The biochemical markers including osteocalcin, calcium, phosphorus, estradiol and free testosterone were measured in fasting blood. Bone mineral density(BMD) was measured also by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and the nutrient intake of earth individual subject was estimated by 24-hour recall of 3 days. The age of the subjects was 64.8 $\pm$ 7.7 years, and the BMDs of the subject were 0.86 $\pm$ 0.26g/$cm^2$(Lumbar spine), 0.60 $\pm$ 0.10g/$cm^2$ (Femoral neck), 0.49 $\pm$ 0.10g/$cm^2$(Trochanter), and 0.41 $\pm$ 0.14g/$cm^2$(Ward's triangle). There were no significant differences among age and nutrient intake level groups due to the small sample size. The biochemical markers showed certain degree of relationship with nutrient intake levels. The results were compared among 3 groups with different nutrient intake level classified by the percentage of Recommended Daily Allowances(RDA) for Koreans as follows low < 75% RDA, 75% RDA $\leq$ adequate < 125% RDA, high $\geq$ 125% RDA. The low energy and low riboflavin groups showed significantly higher serum osteocalcin levels than those of the high intake groups(p < 0.05). On the other hand, there was a trend for serum Ca level to be higher with high nutrient intake. In this case, protein and thiamin were the only nutrients that reached a statistical significance(p < 0.05). And the groups with low intake for protein and Ca showed significantly lower serum free testosterone levels than that of other intake groups(p < 0.05). This study suggests an important role of nutrient intake levels on blood biochemical markers of bone metabolism.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.447-458
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• 2020

This study assessed yearly trends of food and nutrient intake among high school students aged 16 to 18 years (n=2,377) using the 2007~2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Yearly trends of food or nutrient intake were analyzed via logistic regression analysis. The results showed that consumption of sugars & sweets, and beverages & alcohols was increased rapidly during this period (p<0.0001). Intake of meat & meat products, and fish & shellfish also was increased (p=0.0008). Intake of grains and grain products was increased until year 2011 but declined after 2012 (p=0.0025). Consumption of vegetables, and milk & milk products was decreased (p=0.0395). Intake of protein, fat, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron was increased (p=0.0445). Carbohydrate energy ratio was decreased, whereas fat energy ratio was increased (p=0.0235). Most nutrient intakes satisfied the dietary reference intakes for Koreans except dietary fiber (19.6~26.2%), calcium (46.9~55.2%) and sodium (more than 221.4%) during this period. There was a significant positive correlation between most food group intakes and most nutrient intakes (p=0.0468). Therefore, it is crucial to increase dietary fiber and calcium intake and decrease consumption of sugars, fats and sodium through diverse eating of food groups to ensure balanced nutrition of subjects.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.396-405
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• 2020

Objectives: This study was conducted to compare the nutrient intake of normal healthy adults with those having hypercholesterolemia. Methods: We analyzed data from the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI). A total of 12,636 adults (5,223 males and 7,413 females) aged 19 or older were included in the study. Results: Males with hypercholesterolemia were older and had a higher waist circumference, body mass index, fasting blood sugar levels (FBS) and serum triglyceride (TG) concentrations compared to the normal group. Females with hypercholesterolemia were older and had higher FBS levels and serum TG concentrations compared to the normal group. While comparing nutrient intake by the 24-hour recall method, the male normal group showed a higher intake of fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), vitamin A and thiamin compared to the hypercholesterolemic group. However, the male normal group had a lower intake of iron and vitamin C compared to the hypercholesterolemic group. The female normal group had a higher intake of energy, protein, fat, SFA, MUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids, cholesterol, riboflavin, and niacin compared to the hypercholesterolemic group, but had a lower intake of iron compared to the hypercholesterolemic group. A comparison of nutrient intake by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) showed the following: There was no significant difference in nutrient intake between the normal men and women and those with hypercholesterolemia. After adjustment for confounding factors, nutrient intake by FFQ of the male normal group showed higher levels of n-3 fatty acid and vitamin C compared to the group with hypercholesterolemia. However, there was no significant difference in nutrient intake between the two groups of women. Conclusions: The average intake of n-3 fatty acids and vitamin C of the male group with hypercholesterolemia was lower than that of the normal group. However, since KNHANES is a cross-sectional study, prospective cohort studies are required to analyze the risk factors of hypercholesterolemia.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.418-427
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• 2003

This study was performed to investigate the relationships among personality preferences, dietary habit and nutrient intake of University students (n=283). Mean dietary habit score was similar between sexes and was 46.1/100 in male students and 45.1/100 in female students. Average energy intake of male students was 2,019 kcal (80.8% of RDA) and that of female students was 1,675 kcal (83.7%). Male students were taking less than 90% of RDA in calcium and vitamin $B_2$ and female students were taking less than 90% of RDA in calcium, iron, vitamin C, and vitamin A. Students preferring Judgment had significantly higher dietary habit score than students preferring Perception. Extraversion had higher nutrient intake than Introversion both in male and female students. Male students preferring Feeling had also higher nutrient intake than students preferring Thinking. Nutrient density per 1,000 kcal was higher in Thinking and Judgment than Feeling and Perception. In conclusion, students preferring Judgment and Extraversion have better dietary habit and nutrient intake than those preferring Perception and Introversion. More studies are necessary between personality preferences and dietary behavior to contribute to effective nutrition education and counseling.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.188-205
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• 2007

1. Objectives This study was carried our to investigate the actual nutrient intake based on Sasang Constitution. 2. Subjects and Methods This study was performed with 984 adults(292 males, 692 females) aged 40 to 69, diagnosed of their Sasang constitution(1 Taeyangin, 242 Soyangin, 492 Taeumin, 249 Soeumin). Data was collected using the Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. The daily mean nutrient intake and the index for evaluation of quality of nutrient intake were investigated and compared among three constitutional groups(Soyangin, Taeumin, Soeumin) 3. Results and Conclusions The comparisons of the daily mean nutrient intake and the index for evaluation of quality of nutrient intake among three constitutional groups were as followings. (1) In male, the daily mean fat-intake of Taeumin was significantly more than that of Soeumin. In the ratio of car bohydrate-intake in total calorie, Soemuin was significantly higher than the other two groups, and in the ratio of fat-intake lower. %RDA of vitamin B was significantly different among groups. (2) In female, the daily mean fat-intake of Soyangin was significantly more than that of Soeumin. In the ratio of carbohydrate-intake in total calorie, Soemuin was significantly higher than Soyangin, and in the ratio of protein and fat-intake lower. In INQ of protein, Soyangin was significantly higher than Soeumin.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.691-704
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relations among the three factors: 1) characteristics of family, 2) nutrient intake status and 3) academic achievements. The subjects in this study were 7,698 boys and girls attending primary, middle and high schools in South Korea. The questionnaire was made and distributed to the student to answer the questions about family background and food intake status. Food intake frequency method was used to examine nutrient intake status. Academic achievement results of last semester were taken from students school records. Followings are the results of the study:1. Most of the mean nutrient intakes were above the Korean recommended dietary allowances. However, calcium, iron, and vitamin A intakes were below the Korean recommended dietary allowances. Therefore, it is recommended to increase the intake of these nutrients in these students to meet the RDA.2. Total amounts of food intake were decreasing in higher grades and food intake of boys was higher than that of girls. 3. Educational period of parents and economic status of family had grades influences on student's academic achievement and nutritional status. The students with parents of higher education and higher economic status had better academic achievement and balanced nutritional status. 4. When students were divided into three groups with respect to the percentage of recommended nutrient intake, the group with nutrient intake of 75-125% of RDA achieved better academic achievement than other groups. In conclusion, educational length and economic status of parents and optimal intake of nutrients (75-125% of RDA)by students significantly affected academic achievements of the students.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.516-526
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• 2001

Working towards the compression of morbidity, we attempted to find the way to contribute to desirable aging and/or healthy old age. By looking into the factors affecting nutrient intake in middle-aged adults, we sought to find ways to improve their health status, Two hundred and fifty middle-aged adults from 40 to 60 years of age residing in Seoul and its vicinity were recruited for the survey. Subjects were interviewed for general characteristics, dietary habits lifestyle, status and food intake by a trained interviewer. Two -day food record was included in addition to the 1 -day 24 hr recall. Date were analyzed for the relationship among nutrient intake, health status, socio-economic status dietary habits and lifestyle using a statistical program (SAS) Although the mean energy intake of the subjects did not reach the recommenced dietary allowances(RDA), mean protein intake was well above the RAD for both sex groups(111.2% and 129.1% for men and women, respectively) The caloric contribution of fat was 15 to 20 % of total energy intake among different groups. Riboflavin was the most deficient nutrient and its mean intake reached only 71.0% of RDA for mean This seemed to be due to the lower intake of milk and dairy products among middle-aged Koreans who are more accustomed to traditional meals. Income and exercise habit were the most important factors influencing the nutrient intake of middle-age adults. Also, BMI, smoking habit, level of education regularity of meal, and hours of sleeping influenced the nutrient intake, In conclusion, middle-age adults appeared to have similar problems with the elderly in terms of nutrient intake and this age group should to included when considering nutritionally vulnerable groups in addition to the elderly and young children. The improvement in the nutrition status of middle-age adults is even more important because that could lead into the better health the elderly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.507-515
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• 1999

A survey was carried out to investigate relation between stress and nutrient intake in adults. There was a positive correlation between stress and food intake in adults statistically. It seems that women was significantly influenced by physical, psychological and nuerosensational stress than men(p<0.05). The average calorie intake of men was 1721.25Kcal(68.85% of RDA), the women was 1568.79kcal(78.44% of RDA). Intake of protein, calcuim, Vit $B_1$, Vit $B_2$, Niacin were quite less than the RDA in men, wherase intake of calcuim, iron, Vit $B_1$ were quite less than the RDA in women. In changes of nutrient intake by stress, men was increased as higher stress amount, but women was decreased as higher stress amount(p<0.05). It was lower level of nutrient intake in the below 60 scores of food attitude group that was needed improve of food intake and counseling of professional nutritionist.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2000

The association between nutrient intake and nutritional status was investigated with anthropometric measurements, body composition and blood biochemical indices in 56 healthy young men fed balanced diet for two years. Compared with Korean recommended dietary allowances (Korean RDA), all nutrient intakes were adequate. Height and body weight were significantly (p < .01 - p < .05) positively correlated to the intakes of energy, protein, sodium, potassium vitamin A and vitamin $B_1$. The lean weight was significantly (p < .001 - p < .05) correlated to the intake of energy, protein, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$. niacin and vitamin C. The skinfold thickness of triceps and suprailiac was significantly (p < .01 - p < .05) correlated to the intake of energy, sodium, potassium, but that of thigh was not correlated. The significant correlations neither between nutrient intake and blood biochemical indices nor between nutrient intake and blood pressure were shown. These results suggest that nutritional status as anthropometric indices and body composition is associated with nutrient intake in young healthy adults on balanced diet, however, the nutritional status as blood biochemical indices of active people is neither endangered nor improved in comparison with less active ones.