• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1988

Pollens and their preparations that are being sold as a health food in Korea were examined for. morphology and identity. The Iimall packages of sixteen items of the pollen foods were selected and investigated by staining and microscopy. It was shown that all fifteen items except one contained intact pollens which retain their sporoderms. On the basis of their morphological characteristics, they were identified as the pollens of the plants which belong to ten families: Betulaceae, Compositae, Cornaceae, Cgperaceae, Fagaceae, Geraniaceae, Graminae, LeguminoBae, Liliaceae and Pinaceae. Since the sporoderms which can act as a potent allergen to certain persons were not removed, these pollen. foods can not be safe as a food and. may cause systemic allergy. The only preparation that did not show its sporoderm is less likely to cause allergy than the others.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.3-17
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• 1999

Maternal sensitivity and infant temperament were studied in relation to infant attachment security. Subjects were 47 one-year-old infants anti their mothers from intact upper-middle class families. Mothers sorted the Attachment Q-set (Waters, 1987, version 3.0) and filled out the Toddlers Temperament Questionnaire(Chu, 1992). Maternal sensitivity was observed in the home for two 3-hour sessions, and observers completed the Maternal Behavior Q-set(Pederson, Moran et al., 1990). Attachment security scores of the infants, using criterion scores developed with Korean infants, were 42, which is comparable to Previous studies. Infants who were securely attached to mothers showed more secure-based behaviors and compliance, enjoyed physical contacts, and showed less fussy/difficult behaviors with mothers. Mothers of girls were observed to be more sensitive to their infants' signals than mothers of boys. Maternal sensitivity scores were not related to infant security scores. However, maternal sensitivity was related to less compliance to mothers for boys.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.213-226
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• 1996

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships of mothers' authoritative and authoritarian childrearing attitudes to their 5-year-old children's attachment representations and to teacher-rated social competence. The sample consisted of 69 mothers and their 5-year-old children from intact families. Children were interviewed to assess the quality of their attachment representations using Slough & Greenberg's(1990) version of the Separation Anxiety Test(SAT). Mothers were administered the Childrearing Practices Report Q-sort(Block, 1965) and filled out questionnaires regarding their childhood experiences, their marital relationship and their psychological well-being. In addition, teachers rated children's social competency in school settings using Kohn's(1972) Social Competence Scale. Hierarchical multiple regression showed that mothers' high scores on affective components of authoritative parenting and low scores on authoritarian attitudes are closely associated with children's secure attachment as well as teacher-rated social competence.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.39-49
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• 2008

This research reports on a qualitative analysis of email facilitated reflective dialogue with seven college students whose parent dies. The study was exploratory in considering cultural values on intact family and asked the question: What do children experience after parental death in terms of the relationships with intra and extrafamily systems? Young adult children of single parent family expressed that they felt social pressure to practice filial piety toward their single parent. They made efforts to fulfill the social expectation and to achieve social desirability. Social stigma from extrafamily systems affected the experiences of the bereaved children. In terms of intrafamily system, young adult children tend to idealize their deceased parent. Single parents depended on the young adult children, which made parent-child relationship enmeshed or conflicting. The holistic view of the study highlights the importance of interactions between individuals and the intra and extra family systems when understanding family loss experience of the bereaved young people.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.128-139
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• 1996

The twelve relatively intact ev ergreen broad-leaved forests in the islands off the southern coast of the Korean peninsula were surveyed. The species which commonly appeared over seventy percents in frequency among studied island biotic ecosystems including rare and endangered species and an introduxed or invaded species in the observed localities were also discussed. The common species in each areas were summarized as 28 families, 34 genus and 37 taxa. The pokildo island marked the highest species diversity as 5.511 per 100m$^{2}$ sized plots. And then the species diversity of the Mijo-ri(4.677) and the Maengson-ni(2.481) were following. The total number of rare and endangered species which appeared in the investigated areas were 24 families and 32 taxa, and 13 taxa, and the Pokildo island had the largest number as of 13 families, 12 species, 1 variety and 13 taxa. The 7 species of Compositae, 5 species of Leguminosae and 2 species of Phytolaccaceae were recorded as naturalized, invaded of introduced species. Also each one species which belonged to the Amaranthaceae, Betulaceae, Bignoniaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Commelinaceae, Cupressaceae, Labiatae, Malvaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Pinaceae, Polygonaceae and Txaceae were recorded. The Pokildo island had the largest number of plant invaders with at least 9 families and 13 genus and 13 species including Cryptomeria japonica of Taxodiaceae. It was urgently needed to work for the preperation of an island management plan to the levels of species or habitat conservation.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 2000

Objectives . In large-scale field trials, randomization by cluster is frequently used because of the administrative convenience, a desire to reduce the effect of treatment contamination, and the need to avoid ethical issues that might of otherwise arise. Cluster randomization trials are experiments in which intact social unit, e.g., families, schools, cities, rather than independent individuals are randomly allocated to intervention groups. The positive correlation among responses of subjects from the same cluster is in matter in cluster randomization. This thesis is to compare the results of three randomization methods by standard error of estimator of treatment effect. Methods : We simulated cholesterol data varing the size of the cluster and the level of the correlation in clusters and analyzed the effect of cholesterol-lowering agent. Results : In intra-cluster randomization the standard error of the estimator of treatment effect is smallest relative to that in inter-cluster randomization and that in individual randomization. Conclusions : Infra-cluster randomization is the most efficient in its standard error of estimator of treatment effect but other factor should be considered when selecting a specific randomization method.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.5-21
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of standardizing the Bayley Scales of Infant Development(BSID) for Korean infants. To examine whether the Korean version of BSID is appropriate for Korean infants during the first 30 months of age, the Scale was administered to 285 Korean infants in 14 age groups. The infants were from intact and mostly middle-class families. According to item rewponse analyses of the Mental and the Motor Scales, the passing rate on each item increased by the infant's age. Regularity rather than irregularity was found on most items. Ordinarily of the Mental and the Motor Scale items in terns of age placement was similar to that of the U. S. sample. Several items, however, could be rearranged based on the data from the Korean sample. The total scores of the Mental and the Motor Scales reflected developmental trends in which score differences with a conjoining age group ranged from 3 to 15 for the Mental Scale, and 2 to 10 for the Motor Scale. Correlations between the two Scales in each age group were low to moderate (.03 to .67), with a median of .34. Reliabilities of the Korean version of the BSID in terms of the split-half reliability coefficients and the tester-observer agreements were satisfactory. Similarities as well as differences were found in developmental trends of infants between two cultures. A further study is needed not only to confirm results of this study but to set forth the standardization of the Bayley Scales to Korean infants.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.119-131
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• 1996

The relationship of maternal separation anxiety, availability of support system and child gender to initial preschool adjustment was examined. Data were collected on 72 middle-class Korean children(35 boys, 37 girls) between the ages of 31 months and 60 months who were entering preschool. Subjects were from intact families, all with non-working mothers. Mothers completed the Maternal Separation Anxiety Scale(MSAS) and indicated the number of extended family members in the home as an index of social support. Classroom teachers completed the Preschool Behavior Questionnaire (PBQ) for each child after the first 2 weeks and again after 6 weeks of school. Each child was observed by the research team during the first 2 weeks of school and again after the 6th-week using the Child Observation System (COS). Applying the COS observed behavior was classified as being in the dependent, neutral, or active mode. All instruments were culturally relevant as validated by Korean experts. Maternal Separation Anxiety was a significant predictor for girls only, accounting for 11% of initial COS variance (p=＜.05). In contrast, social support was a significant predictor for boys only, accounting for 28% of initial PBQ variance when entered after MSAS(p=.005). A significant difference between initial and 6th-week adjustment was obtained in the expected direction on the COS with behavior improving with time (t=-4.06, p=.001). Although a significant difference between initial and 6th-week PBQ adjustment was also obtained (t=-3.63, p=.001), it was not in the direction expected, problematic behavior were found to increase with time. Cultural and developmental factors help explain the findings. Given the patrilineal social system in Korea, boys are highly preferred over girls. Thus the at-home support system, comprised primarily of grandparents, may have a significant influence on school adjustment particularly of first-born sons. In contrast, since girls are viewed as fragile and vulnerable, mothers may express greater separation anxiety about girls. Finally, as would be expected, older children may be able to develop coping skills more readily than younger ones, as child adjustment on the COS significanlty improved over the 6-week period.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.91-112
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• 2020

In Ethiopia, dry land vegetation including the fairly intact lowland and western escarpment woodlands occupy the largest vegetation resource of the country. These forests play a central role in environmental regulation and socio-economic assets, yet they received less scientific attention than the moist forests. This study evaluated the woody plant species composition, population structure and carbon sequestration potential of the A. senegal woodland across three distance gradients from the settlements. A total of 45 sample quadrants were laid along a systematically established nine parallel transect lines to collect vegetation and soil data across distance gradients from settlement. Mature tree dry biomass with DBH>2.5 cm was estimated using allometric equations. A total of 41 woody plant species that belong to 20 families were recorded and A. senegal was the dominant species with 56.4 IVI value. Woody plant species diversity, density and richness were significantly higher in the distant plots compared to the nearest plots to settlement (p<0.05). The cumulative DBH class distribution of all individuals had showed an interrupted inverted J-shape population pattern. There were 19 species without seedlings, 15 species without saplings and 14 species without both seedlings and saplings. A significant above ground carbon (5.3 to 12.7 ton ha^-1), root carbon (1.6 to 3.6 ton ha^-1), soil organic carbon (35.6 to 44.5 ton ha^-1), total carbon stock (42.5 to 60.7 ton ha^-1) and total carbon dioxide equivalent (157.7 to 222.8 ton ha^-1) was observed consistently with an increasing of distance from settlement (p<0.05). Distance from settlement had significant and positive correlation with species diversity and carbon stock at 0.64^⁎⁎ and 0.78^⁎⁎. Disturbance intensity may directly influence the variation of species composition, richness and density along the A. senegal woodland. The sustainability of the A. senegal woodland needs urgent protection, conservation and restoration.