• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.157-167
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• 2023

The purpose of this research was to determine the degree to which Small-to-Medium Enterprise (SME) owners and operators in Mountain Province were willing to take on financial risk to invest in the capital markets as a potential additional source of income, as well as the extent to which these five indicator variables-particularly their income, expenses, financial goals, liquid cash, and insurance coverage-were influenced by demographic factors. The study used a quantitative approach and employed a descriptive survey research method. The results show that the SME Owners and Operators in Mountain Province have minimal knowledge of capital market investments which makes them moderate investors with a neutral level of financial risk tolerance toward capital market investment. Their marital status, net income, and educational attainment significantly influence their financial risk tolerance level. The respondents also believe that engaging in the capital markets will grow their businesses. Further, the extent of influence of Income, Expenses, Liquid Cash, and Insurance Cover on the financial risk tolerance of the SME owners and operators in Mountain Province a great extent; thus, making them careful in investing in the capital markets, and it is primarily affected by their Net Income. Consequently, the financial goals of SME owners and operators in Mountain Province have a vital role in their financial risk tolerance level.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.28 no.1 s.49
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• pp.153-174
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• 1995

This study was conducted to examine the determinant factors for expenditure of the medical insurance program for self-employeds based on the analysis of 1991 'The Medical Insurance Program for Self-Employeds Statistical Yearbook', and also similar yearbooks in the metropolitan and other provinces. The major findings are as follows : We have divided benefits into these four components such as the utilization rate for out-patients, expenses per claim for out-patients as paid by the insurer, utilization rate for in-patients, and the expenses per claim for in-patients as paid by the insurer, in order to examine the determinant factors for it. The results of the study revealed the following findings, in urban areas, the supply of medical care had more influence on the benefits than other demographic and economic variables, while, in county areas, both the supply of medical care and the rate of those aged over 65 affected the provision of benefits. The determinant factors for financial balance of the medical insurance program for self-employeds are, first, the determinant factor for administrative expenses was the number of households. The more the number of households, the less the administrative expenses per the insured. This shows that the economy of scale is being. And so, the administrative district must be taken into consideration in the incorporation of small regional medical societies and should be re-organized for more efficient management. Second, in urban areas, the supply of medical care had more influence on utilization rate and expenses per claim as paid by insurer, and therefore it is necessary to control it. In county areas, the supply of medical care and the rate of those aged over 65 raised the utilization rate and expenses per claim as paid by insurer. For the financial stability of county areas, a common fund for medical care for the aged and expansion of finance stabilization fund would be necessary. But, in county areas, it would be unnecessary to control the supply of medical care because it was much more insufficient than in urban areas. The vitalization of public health facilities must be carried out in county areas, for they reduced benefits. Sice the more insured in a single household, the less the utilization of the medical insurance program, benefits for habilitation at home should be given consideration. The law of majority and the economy of scale were applied here, and therefore the incorporation of regional medical societies must be taken into consideration. In integrating regional medical societies, it would be absolutely necessary to review the structural differences among all regional medical societies, the medical demand of each region, and also the local characteristics of each region.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2003

General drug prices involve three stages: shipment stage, wholesaler stage and retail stage. Policies on drug price differ from country to country. Shipment stage prices are tightly regulated in countries like France and Netherlands. They are free in only a minority of advanced countries, even if these include some major players such as the US, Germany and, in a very limited sense, Japan. The situation in the UK is very complex with a semi-free system, where drug companies are free to set their own prices but cannot exceed a predetermined profit ceiling. Mark-up at both wholesaler and retail stages is formally admitted in most countries observed. Apart from the general drug prices, reimbursement price of insured drugs has been major policy concerns. Most countries reviewed in this study has exerted some control over reimbursement prices, but differ both in the way how and in the extent to which prices are admitted or fixed. Price fixing has been used in France and Japan. Some countries have transformed their system over time, particularly to move to reference pricing in the last decade. This mechanism has empowered the customer, and improved price competition on the market. Referring to the drug price policies in the advanced countries, this study makes some suggestions for the redirection of Korean price policy for reimbursement drug in health insurance as follows: to match appropriate policy tools to each policy goal; to maximize market mechanism through effective reimbursement price fixing which admits mark-ups in wholesaler and retail prices; to introduce reference pricing system in order to redirect patient's demand with a financial incentive to choose the best-priced drugs and to save the finance of health insurance; and to strengthen surveillance and monitoring mechanism in the drug market.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2010.05b
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• pp.928-932
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• 2010

본 논문은 한국 및 독일 보험회사의 해외 진출 모델을 비교 연구한다. 특히, 독일 법률비용보험회사의 한국 진출 사례를 분석하여 국내 보험회사의 해외진출에 주는 시사점을 제시한다. 연구방법론으로서 한국 및 독일 보험회사의 해외 진출사례를 수집하여 비교 분석한다. 이를 위하여 각 보험회사의 해외진출 담당자와 면담, 이메일(e-mail), 전화상담 방법을 사용한다. 그리고 문헌연구를 통하여 연구의 이론적 배경과 기존의 연구결과를 분석한다. 본 연구에서는 보험회사 해외진출의 이론적인 배경으로서 고객지향 현지화전략, 수익지향전략, 신규특화시장 개척전략, 성장시장 진출전략 4개 요인으로 구분한다. 국내 보험회사는 해외 성장시장 진출 측면에서 긍정적인 반면에 수익지향, 현지화전략과 해외 신규 특화시장 개척 부분에서 아직 개선될 부분이 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 독일 보험회사는 한국 시장에 진출하면서 철저한 현지화전략, 특화시장 개척, 성장시장에 진출의 3개 부분에서 모두 긍정적인 것으로 분석되었다. 보험회사 해외진출의 이론적 배경 4개 요인을 적용하여 비교 분석한 결과 독일 보험회사의 사례와 같이 한국 보험회사가 해외에 진출할 경우에 보다 철저한 현지화 전략과 특화시장 개척 전략이 필요하다는 점을 제시한다. 본 연구의 한계점은 독일 법률비용보험회사 1개사를 대상으로 하고 있다는 점이며, 진출 초기라서 아직 경영실적이 뒷받침되지 않고 있다는 점이다. 향후 연구과제로서 일정시점이 지난 후에 국내 보험시장에서 독일 법률비용보험회사의 발전추이를 분석하여 시사점을 분석하고 법률보험시장에서 도덕적 위태 방지 연구, 소비자 보호를 강화할 수 있는 방안 연구를 향후 연구과제로 제시한다.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.83-105
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• 2013

There are many literatures about the herding behavior of institutional investors but there is lack of literatures about the relation among several investor groups consisting of institutional investors. So we investigate the relation among sub-institutional investor groups like bank, insurance companies, pension funds using KRX intraday trading data of 2009. As the result, we find that foreign, individual, and securities firm investors trade in the opposite direction of other investor groups including pension funds. And pension, insurance, asset management, private equity funds, other companies, government, and banks are cross-mimicking each other, so we conclude that these investors make herding behavior. In 2009 institutional investors except securities firms make herding in a short period, and insurance, asset management, pension funds and other companies make herding and self-mimicking in all period, but there is no herding and mimicking after foreign investors.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.321-342
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• 2005

The finance of the National Health Insurance(NHI) in nearly every Nation in the world has been traditionally based on premiums of the workers and employers. But in Korea, the government has been guaranteeing financial supports to regional health corporations. After the unification of the different corporations in the NHIC, the government will not have to give financial support to the NHIC. Then this will be a serious financial challenge to NHIC, which has usually had financial deficit. The purpose of this paper is to review the problems of the premium based financing of the NHI and to exam whether such problems will be solved through the financial support from the state to the NHI. The analysis in this paper focused on five viewpoints; 1) work relatedness 2) redistribution effect 3) financial burden of business firms through the premium 4) risk pooling 5) management hegemony of the NHI. As a result, it was found that there are many problems in every five aspects and these problems could be solve through the financial aid from the state. But, it does not without any restriction mean to suggest that the financing mode of the korean NHI should be wholly transformed to a tax based financing mode. Because there are many things to be considered in oder to alter the financing mode of the NHI. Nevertheless, this paper would give a logical background to enlarge the financial aid form the state to NHI, or at least, to maintain it at a present level.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.1369-1384
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• 2013

In this study, we investigate various factors affecting five kinds of life planners' satisfaction after turnover which are general, human relations within organization, sales environment support, economic, life planner management system. Also we suggest theoretical and practical implication to them. The results of survey of life planners are as follows. First, in the general life planners' satisfaction after turnover, insurance company belonged to, recognition on own sales ability, life planners' satisfaction level, financial and insurance related award, education level, marital status, size of branch, and surrounding recognition about life planner are influential factors on it. Second, factors which affect the life planners' human relations satisfaction within organization after turnover are size of branch, surrounding recognition about life planner, and insurance company belonged to. Third, factors which affect the life planners' sales environment support satisfaction after turnover are surrounding recognition on life planner, insurance company belonged to, certificates relating to finance or insurance, size of branch, Fourth, in the solicitors' economic satisfaction after turnover, mainly demographic factors such as education level, marital status, age are crucial to it and also life planners' satisfaction level is influential factor. Last, in the solicitors' management system satisfaction, only experienced turnover type is a influential factor.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.183-212
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• 2008

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the efficiency change and determinants of the korean non-life insurance companies. we use DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) model to measure company efficiency change and use GLS, Tobit model, FIixed effect model, Random effect model, GMM to measure efficiency determinants. we utilize ten non-life insurance companies in korea and the panel data for five from 2001 to 2005. The empirical results show the following findings. First, technical efficiency shows that approximately 15.5% of inefficiency exists on the non-life insurance companies and it reveals that the cause for technical inefficiency is due to scale inefficiency. Second, Dea Window results show that the stable dissimilarity by standard deviation, LDP of CCR. Third, the results of efficiency determinants show that increase efficiency is depend on the premium income and real estates.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.1031-1046
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• 2001

The paper studies the evolution of the financial markets and pays the basic attention to the role of financial innovations (derivative securities) in this process. A characterization of both complete and incomplete markets is given through an identification of the sets of contingent claims and terminal wealths of self-financing portfolios. the dynamics of the financial system is described as a movement of incomplete markets to a complete one when the volume of financial innovations is growing up and the spread tends to zero (the Merton financial innovation spiral). Namely in this context the paper deals with the problem of pricing risks in both field: finance and insurance.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Studies
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.313-334
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• 2000

In this paper, we obtained some supportive evidence for the long-run PPP relationship concerning the Korean Won currency. Previous tests of PPP in the bilateral exchange rates of the Korean Won rate vis-a-vis the U.S. Dollar have been exposed to the lack of power problem. We argue that their failure to find PPP relation in Korean Won rates was due to the low power of Augmented Dickey-Fuller tests or the Engle-Granger two-step tests applied to the Korean exchange rate data with short sample period. En attempting to alleviate this low power problem, we used the error-correction model test and the Johansen test for bilateral long-run equilibrium relationships between exchange rates and price indices from Korea's major trading partners. It is surprising that our evidence supporting for long-run PPP in Korean Won rate contrasts sharply with Bahmani-Oskooee, Moshen and Rhee, Hyun-Jae(1992)'s.