• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.1228-1240
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• 2023

Objective: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of dietary crude protein (CP) on growth performance, blood profiles, diarrhea incidence, nutrient digestibility, and odor emission in weaning pigs. Methods: A total of 240 weaning ([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc) pigs (8.25±0.050 kg body weight [BW]) were assigned to six treatments based on sex and initial BW, with five replicates of eight pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. Experimental diets with different crude protein levels for early and late weaning phases were as follows: i) CP16, corn-soybean-based diet containing 16%/15% CP; ii) CP17, corn-soybean-based diet containing 17%/16% CP; iii) CP18, corn-soybean-based diet containing 18%/17% CP; iv) CP19, corn-soybean-based diet containing 19%/18% CP; v) CP20, corn-soybean-based diet containing 20%/19% CP; and vi) CP21, corn-soybean-based diet containing 21%/20% CP. Results: In the early weaning period, average daily feed intake increased when the dietary CP level decreased (linear, p<0.05). During the entire experimental period, average daily gain and the gain to feed ratio decreased when the dietary CP level increased (linear, p<0.01). Additionally, a decrease in dietary CP level resulted in a linear increase in final BW (linear, p<0.05). In the early and late weaning periods, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) decreased when the dietary CP level decreased (linear, p<0.01). There were no significant differences in creatinine, glucose, total protein, triglyceride or insulin-like factor-1 levels over the experimental period. The concentrations of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG were not significantly affected by dietary CP levels during the experimental period. In the early weaning period, fecal and urine N decreased when the dietary CP level decreased (linear, p<0.01). No differences in nutrient digestibility among the treatments during the early weaning period were found. Throughout the whole experimental period, when the dietary CP level decreased in the weaning pig diet, the diarrhea incidence decreased linearly (linear, p<0.01). Throughout the whole experimental period, when the dietary CP level decreased in the weaning pig diet, ammonia, amines and hydrogen sulfide decreased linearly (linear, p<0.01). Conclusion: Reducing dietary CP could decrease diarrhea incidence, the concentration of BUN in serum and odor emission in manure. Furthermore, it could improve N excretion in feces and urine and growth performance in weaning pigs.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.63-76
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• 2014

Objectives : This study investigated the improvement effects of Pakistani (DF-a) and Chinese Ephedra herba-containing Gangjihwan (DF-b) on obesity in a high fat diet-fed obese mouse model. Methods : Eight-week-old C57BL/6N mice were divided into four groups: a normal lean group given a standard diet, an obese control group given a high fat diet, and DF-a and DF-b groups given a high fat diet with DF-a (80 mg/kg), and DF-b (80 mg/kg), respectively. After 8 weeks of treatment, body weight gain, feeding efficiency ratio, blood lipid markers, fat weight and histology were examined. Results : 1. Body weight gain and fat mass were significantly decreased in DF-a and DF-b groups compared with control. The extent of decreases was eminent in DF-a group. 2. Feeding efficiency ratio and circulating leptin concentration were significantly decreased in DF-a and DF-b groups compared with control, whereas circulating adiponectin concentration was increased in DF-a and DF-b groups compared with control. 3. Consistent with their effects on body weight gain and fat mass, circulating concentrations of triglyceride, glucose and insulin were decreased in DF-a and DF-b groups compared with control. 4. The size of adipocytes were decreased by DF-a and DF-b compared with control, whereas the adipocyte number per unit area was increased by them, suggesting that DF-a and DF-b decreased the number of large adipocytes. 5. Consistent with their effects on body weight gain, liver fibrosis was reduced in DF-a and DF-b groups compared with control. Conclusions : In conclusion, these results suggest that DF-a and DF-b not only decrease feeding efficiency ratio, plasma leptin concentration, and blood anti-obesity biomarkers, but also reduce fat mass, contributing to the improvement of obesity. DF-a and DF-b also inhibit liver fibrosis. In addition, these effects were similar between Pakistani Ephedra herba and Chinese Ephedra herba-containing Gangjihwan.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.105-120
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• 2014

Objectives : This study was investigated the improvement effects of Gangjihwan (DF) and combination of Gangjihwan and Gamisochehwan (GSH) on obesity in a high fat diet-fed obese mouse model. Methods : Eight-week-old C57BL/6N mice were divided into four groups: a normal lean group given a standard diet, an obese control group given a high fat diet, and DF and DF+GSH groups given a high fat diet with DF (40 mg/kg), and DF+GSH (80 mg/kg), respectively. After 8 weeks of treatment, body weight gain, feeding efficiency ratio, blood lipid markers, fat weight and histology were examined. Results : 1. Body weight gain and fat mass were significantly decreased in DF and DF+GSH groups compared with control. The extent of decreases was eminent in DF+GSH group. 2. Feeding efficiency ratio and circulating concentration of leptin were decreased in DF and DF+GSH groups compared with control. These decreases were significant in DF+GSH group. 3. Consistent with their effects on body weight gain and fat mass, circulating concentrations of triglyceride, glucose and insulin were decreased in DF and DF+GSH groups compared with control. 4. The size of adipocytes was decreased by DF and DF+GSH compared with control, whereas the adipocyte number per unit area was increased by them, suggesting that DF and DF+GSH decreased the number of large adipocytes. 5. Consistent with their effects on body weight gain, liver fibrosis was also improved in DF and DF+GSH groups compared with control. Conclusions : In conclusion, these results suggest that DF and DF+GSH groups decrease feeding efficiency ratio, plasma leptin concentration, blood anti-obesity biomarkers and fat mass, improves body weight gain contributing to the inhibition of liver fibrosis. In addition, these effects were more effective in DF+GSH combination group than in DF-only group.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권8호
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• pp.903-909
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• 2017

식품을 혼합하였을 때 생리 기능 상승효과가 있을 것을 기대하여 돼지감자즙에 건조 여주즙을 5% 혼합하여(돼지감자 여주즙) 일반 영양성분을 알아보았고 streptozotocin(STZ)으로 당뇨를 유발한 흰쥐에 이를 음용수로 4주간 공급하고 혈당지표로서 혈액 포도당 농도 변화, 최종혈당 농도, 경구 당부하 검사, 혈청 인슐린 농도를 실시하였다. 돼지감자 여주즙 100 g당 수분 82.22 g, 열량 67.00 cal, 당류 2.52 g, 탄수화물 15.45 g, 조단백 1.21 g, 조회분 1.02 g, 나트륨 0.49 mg을 함유하였고 포화지방산, 조지질, 콜레스테롤은 검출되지 않았다. 돼지감자 여주즙을 3배의 증류수로 희석하여 4주 동안 음용수로 공급한 흰쥐의 사료 이용효율은 NC군 0.138에 비하여 STZ군은 -0.024~-0.054로 유의적으로 낮았다. 사료섭취량은 적응기간에는 하루 32~34 g이었는데 STZ 투여 1주일 후 NC군의 $38.6{\pm}9.2g$에 비하여 STZ군은 $25.2{\pm}5.4g$으로 실험군별 차이가 컸다. 4주 후에는 NC군의 사료섭취량이 STZ군, HT2.5군, HT5.0군보다 유의적으로 많았다. 흰쥐의 시작 체중은 153.5~163.0 g으로 비슷하였는데 STZ 투여군은 체중이 감소하였다. NC군의 체중은 4주 후 평균 157.0 g 증가하였는데 당뇨유발군들은 4주 동안 체중이 8~44 g 정도 감소하였다. 하루 동안 물 섭취량은 적응 기간에 평균 $75.0{\pm}6.7mL$였는데, STZ 투여 4주 후에는 STZ군이 $159.2{\pm}6.1mL$로 가장 많았고 돼지감자 여주즙군은 NC군보다 많았고 STZ군보다는 적었다. 혈장 포도당의 수준은 NC군의 $113{\pm}4.5mg/dL$에 비하여 STZ 투여 1주일 후 STZ군은 $476.7{\pm}22.8mg/dL$로 약 4배 높았고 HT군은 $376.3{\pm}25.8mg/dL$, HT2.5군은 $405.2{\pm}35.1mg/dL$, HT5.0군은 $342.8{\pm}29.7mg/dL$로 STZ군보다 낮았다. 당부하검사에서 포도당투여 후 120분 동안 혈당을 낮추는 효과가 돼지감자군들에서 컸으며, 돼지감자 여주즙 음용 4주후 흰쥐의 혈청 인슐린분비가 많아졌음을 알 수 있었다. 이상의 결과는 돼지감자 여주즙 음용이 당뇨 개선에 도움이 될 것으로 평가되며 돼지감자의 고부가가치를 높일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2016

본 연구는 식방풍잎(PJT) 물추출물의 항비만 효과를 알아보기 위해 지방전구세포인 3T3-L1과 5주령된 C57BL/6 수컷 쥐를 이용하여 실험을 실시하였다. 먼저, 3T3-L1 분화실험에서는 PJT를 처리함으로써 지방세포 형성 관련 인자인 C/EBPα 와 PPARγ의 유전자를 억제하였고, 그로 인하여 지방세포의 분화 및 지방 축적을 억제하였다. 다음으로, 동물실험은 C57BL/6 수컷 쥐30마리를 1주일간 적응시킨 후 정상식이군 고지방식이군으로 나눈 뒤 2주간 사육하여 다시 고지방식이군은 고지방식이군, PJT100, PJT300, PJT500 군으로 나누어 4주간 실시하였다. 체중 및 체중증가량은 고지방식이군에서 유의적으로 증가하였으며, PJT 섭취군에서 감소하였다. 지방조직의 무게도 고지방식이군에 비하여 PJT섭취군에서 낮았다. 고지방 식이에 의한 혈청 중 지질함량, leptin 수준 증가는 PJT 섭취에 따라 낮아졌다. 반면, adiponectin 과 HDL-C 수준감소는 PJT 섭취에 따라 증가하였다. H&E staining으로 관찰한 지방세포의 크기도 PJT 섭취 시 감소하였으며 부고환 지방조직에서 관찰한 지방생성 관련 유전자인 PPARγ, SREBP-1c, FAS의 발현은 고지방식이군과 비교시 PJT 섭취군에서 억제되었다. 이상의 실험결과 PJT의 섭취는 지방전구세포 및 고지방식이로 유도된 비만모델에서 지방합성관련인자의 유전자 발현을 감소하고 혈중 adipokine의 농도를 개선시켜 체지방 축적을 억제시켰다. 이로 인해 고지방식이로 유도된 체중을 감소시키고 더불어 이상지질혈증에도 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.