• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.603-617
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• 2021

Purpose: This study was carried out to investigate the effect of amaranth seed extracts on glycemic regulation in HepG2 cells. The 80% ethanol extracts of amaranth seeds were used to evaluate α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities, cell viability, glucose uptake and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), glucose transporter (GLUT)-2, GLUT-4, insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and IRS-2. Methods: The samples were prepared and divided into 4 groups, including germinated black amaranth (GBA), black amaranth (BA), germinated yellow amaranth (GYA) and yellow amaranth (YA). Glucose hydrolytic enzyme, α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities were examined using a proper protocol. In addition, cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Glucose uptake in cells was measured using an assay kit. The mRNA expression levels of ACC, GLUT-2, GLUT-4, IRS-1 and IRS-2 were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: The inhibitory activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase were highly observed in GBA, followed by BA, GYA and YA. Similar results were observed for glucose. The GBA effect was similar compared to the positive control group. The mRNA expression levels of ACC, GLUT-2, GLUT-4, IRS-1, and IRS-2 were significantly increased. The potential hypoglycemic effects of amaranth seed extracts were observed due to the increase in glucose metabolic enzyme activity, and glucose uptake was mediated through the upregulation of ACC, GLUT-2, GLUT-4, IRS-1, and IRS-2 expression levels. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the amaranth seed is a potential candidate to prevent a diabetes. The present study demonstrated the possibility of using amaranth seeds, especially GBA and BA for glycemic control.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.745-758
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• 2001

The purpose of study to phenomenological examine and the mechanism regarding the gene(DNA, RNA, Protein) and sports to studied, analyzed. and evaluated. This review considers the evidence for genetic effects in several determinants of endurance performance and resistance performance, namely: body measurements and physique, body fat pulmonary functions, cardiac and circulatory functions, muscle characteristics. substrate utilization, maximal aerobic power and other. Moreover, the response to aerobic training of indicators aerobic work metabolism and endurance performance is reviewed, with emphasis on the specificity of the response and the individual differences observed in training ability. This study indicate that improvement of 'Enhancer Action' in RNA genes changed by exercise or sports. Moreover exercise was effect on Central Dogma with DNA makes RNA makes Protein. and think that occurred with exercise influence on skeletal muscle into cell have to Myosin Heavy Chain (MHC) changed was after exercise performance, which accompanied into skeletal muscle that were exercise-induces gene-modulation that is, take gene mutations. This study known that existed hormone(epinephrine)-immune system with interaction. Exercise were altered insulin binding and MAP Kinase signaling increased into immune cells. This review suggested that the high rate of glutamine utilization by cells of the immune system serves to maintain a high intra cellular concentration of the intermediates of biosynthetic pathways such that optimal rates of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis can be maintained. In the absence of glutamine, lymphocytes do not proliferate in vitro: proliferation increase greatly as the glutamine concentration increase. Glutamine is synthesized in skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle and plasma glutamine levels are lowered by sepsis, injury, bums, surgery and endurance exercise and in the overtrained athlete. The study of result show that production of ET-1 is markedly increased tissue specifically in the heart by exercise without appreciable changes in endothelin-converting enzyme and endothelial receptor expressions, suggest that myocardial ET-1 may participate in modulation of cardiac function during exercise. Conclusionally, this study indicate that improvement of 'Enhancer Action' in RNA genes changed by exercise or sports. Moreover exercise was effect on Central Dogma with DNA makes RNA makes Protein. This study is expected to contribute the area of sports science, medicine, hereafter more effort is required to establish the relation between gene alters and exercise amount.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.101-108
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• 2018

Objectives : This study aimed to effects antioxidant activity of citrus peel extract (CPE) and effect on its glucose metabolism in L6 rat skeletal muscle cells. Methods : Antioxidative activities were evaluated by using 10 kinds of natural materials, and total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were examined. The L6 muscle cells toxicity of CPE was examined by MTT assay. Expression of glucose-related genes in L6 muscle cells by CPE treatment was analyzed by real-time PCR and western blotting. Results : The $IC_{50}$ values of DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity of CPE were ($15.47{\pm}0.26{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and $12.07{\pm}1.23{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, respectively), effectively clearing DPPH and ABTS. CPE showed total polyphenol and flavonoid contents ($20.30{\pm}0.38$ and $64.20{\pm}0.52$, respectively). The selected CPE were used in experiments using an effective concentration that is not toxic in L6 muscle cells. We investigated insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory (PI3KR), Akt, and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). mRNA analysis by realtime PCR showed no significant difference, but CPE-treated cells showed a tendency to increase in concentration-dependent manner. However, analysis of protein expression of Akt and GLUT4 by western blotting showed that CPE treatment significantly increased concentration dependent (p<0.001). Conclusions : As a result, citrus peel extract with high antioxidant activity regulates glucose metabolism in L6 muscle cells. Therefore, CPE can be a potential treatment for the treatment of diabetes.